Table 1 Demographic characteristics and biochemical analyses and skeletal-muscle status of the study population
Demographic characteristic | N | Total | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year)± | 305 | 58 ± 6 | 46.0 | 78.0 |
Menarche age (year)± | 305 | 13 ± 1 | 9 | 18 |
Menopause age (year)± | 305 | 48 ± 5 | 34.0 | 62.0 |
Gravity± | 305 | 4 ± 2 | 0 | 12 |
Parity± | 305 | 3 ± 2 | 0 | 10 |
Lactation (month)±± | 305 | 36 (45) | 0 | 192 |
BMI (kg/m2)± | 305 | 28.6 ± 4.6 | 17.5 | 41.9 |
Physical activity | 292 | |||
Insufficiently activity | 44.9% (131) | |||
Minimally activity | 36.3% (106) | |||
HEPA activity | 18.8% (55) | |||
Vitamin D supplementation | 305 | 25.5% (78) | ||
Calcium supplementation | 305 | 45.2% (138) | ||
Sun exposure (equal or more than 10 min/10 am to 3 pm) | 301 | 40.9% (123) | ||
Sun screen (using usually or always) | 301 | 41.5% (125) | ||
Bone status | 305 | |||
Osteoporosis | 21.0% (64) | |||
Osteopenia | 51.8% (158) | |||
Normal | 27.2% (83) | |||
Muscle status | ||||
Appendicular muscle mass index (ASM/hight2)± | 305 | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 4.43 | 9.37 |
Low (≤ 5.76) | 9.2% (28) | |||
Moderate (5.76–6.76) | 23.9% (73) | |||
Normal (≥ 6.76) | 66.9% (204) | |||
Handgrip strength (Muscle strength) < 19.7 kg | 271 | 43.9%(108) | ||
Gait speed (Physical performance) ≤ 0.8 m/s | 216 | 19.9% (43) | ||
Macro-nutrients | ||||
Total protein (Percentage of energy)± | 305 | 15 ± 2 | 9 | 24 |
Total carbohydrate (Percentage of energy)± | 305 | 61 ± 5 | 39 | 74 |
Total fat (Percentage of energy)± | 305 | 28 ± 5 | 18 | 67 |
Total energy intake (kcal)± | 305 | 2173 ± 425 | 1171 | 3618 |
Body composition | ||||
Fat (%)± | 305 | 37 ± 6 | 14 | 60 |
BMR (kcal)± | 305 | 1320 ± 132 | 948 | 1744 |
FFM (kg)± | 305 | 42 ± 7 | 10 | 70 |