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Table 11 Multivariate analysis of physical violence among pregnant women in Kenya (2014), adjusted and weighted

From: Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Kenya: forms, perpetrators and associations

Variable

aOR

95% CI

p-value

Age (continuous)

1.01

1.01–1.02

< 0.001**

Age in 5-year-group

15–19\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

20–24

2.09

1.36–3.34

0.001**

25–29

2.21

1.45–3.48

< 0.001**

30–34

2.36

1.53–3.74

< 0.001**

35–39

2.19

1.42–3.49

< 0.001**

40–44

2.50

1.60–4.02

< 0.001**

45–49

2.74

1.74–4.44

< 0.001**

Age at first cohabitation

\(\le\) 14\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

15–17

1.27

1.10–1.45

< 0.001**

18+

0.73

0.64–0.83

< 0.001**

Age at sexual debut

\(\le\) 14\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

15–17

1.35

1.18–1.54

< 0.001**

18+

0.56

0.49–0.64

< 0.001**

Religion

Roman Catholic\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Protestant, other Christian

0.99

0.84–1.16

0.861

Muslim

0.36

0.28–0.47

< 0.001**

No religion

0.69

0.45–1.05

0.089

Other religion

0.77

0.26–2.11

0.625

Residence

Urban\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Rural

1.13

0.99–1.30

0.071

Region

Central\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Eastern

0.66

0.57–0.76

< 0.001**

Western

1.41

1.24–1.60

< 0.001**

Nairobi

2.78

1.81–4.27

< 0.001**

Marital status

Married or living together\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Divorced, separated, widowed

1.97

1.65–2.34

< 0.001**

Number of living children

\(0^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

1–2

0.86

0.74–1.00

0.043*

3–4

1.28

1.12–1.45

< 0.001**

5

1.05

0.89–1.24

0.534

Employment (yes)

1.85

1.60–2.14

< 0.001**

Education

No education\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Primary

1.24

1.03–1.50

0.022*

Secondary or higher

0.59

0.51–0.68

< 0.001**

Wealth quintile

Poorer or Poorest\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Middle

1.13

0.92–1.38

0.239

Richer or Richest

0.66

0.56–0.78

< 0.001**

Woman afraid of partner

Never\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Sometimes

3.82

3.28–4.45

< 0.001**

Most of the time

10.30

8.38–12.71

< 0.001**

Woman’s father beat mother

2.03

1.78–2.32

< 0.001**

Partner’s age

15–24\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

25–34

1.21

1.02–1.45

0.032*

35+

0.87

0.72–1.05

0.157

Partner’s education

No education\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Primary

1.39

1.12–1.72

0.003**

Secondary or higher

0.76

0.66–0.89

< 0.001**

Partner working

Did not work\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Professional, technical, managerial or clerical or services

0.71

0.60–0.84

< 0.001**

Manual or agricultural or household and domestic

1.40

1.20–1.64

< 0.001**

Partner’s alcohol consumption

Never\(^{\mathrm{r}}\)

   

Often

2.69

2.16–3.37

< 0.001**

Sometimes

0.39

0.31–0.49

< 0.001**

  1. Model is adjusted for woman’s age, education, ethnicity, employment and place of residence (urban, rural). Age variable is presented in years
  2. aOR, adjusted Odds Ratio. 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval. \(^{\mathrm{r}}\)Reference group. *p-value \(<0.05\). **p-value \(<0.005\)
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