Women's attitude towards intimate partner violence and utilization of contraceptive methods and maternal health care services: an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys from four South Asian countries

Table 4 The odds ratio of contraceptive methods and maternal health care service utilization associated with women’s justification of intimate partner violence

Country	Contraceptive methods		At least one Antenatal Care visit		Four or more Antenatal Care visits		Institutional delivery		Post-natal care services
Country	Unadjusted	Adjusted^♱	Unadjusted	Adjusted^♱	Unadjusted	Adjusted^♱	Unadjusted	Adjusted^♱	Unadjusted	Adjusted^♱
Afghanistan	0.72 (0.54, 0.93)	1.02 (0.76, 1.36)	0.59 (0.43, 0.80)	0.86 (0.63, 1.16)	0.39 (0.28, 0.53)	0.62 (0.46, 0.84)	0.51 (0.37, 0.69)	0.88 (0.65, 1.19)	N/A	N/A
Bhutan	1.07 (0.86, 1.32)	1.14 (0.90, 1.43)	1.56 (0.93, 2.60)	1.66 (0.91, 3.03)	0.97 (0.76, 1.24)	1.13 (0.87, 1.47)	0.77 (0.61, 0.97)	0.95 (0.73, 1.25)	N/A	N/A
Nepal	0.83 (0.66, 1.06)	0.91 (0.71, 1.15)	0.51 (0.36, 0.72)	0.64 (0.45, 0.92)	0.62 (0.50, 0.77)	0.85 (0.68, 1.07)	0.53 (0.42, 0.68)	0.72 (0.55, 0.94)	0.48 (0.38, 0.60)	0.62 (0.48, 0.79)
Pakistan Punjab	0.73 (0.66, 0.80)	0.86 (0.78, 0.95)	0.55 (0.48, 0.62)	0.88 (0.77, 0.99)	0.49 (0.44, 0.54)	0.84 (0.76, 0.93)	0.55 (0.50, 0.61)	0.92 (0.83, 1.01)	0.67 (0.59, 0.76)	0.85 (0.74, 0.97)
Pakistan Sindh	0.48 (0.41, 0.57)	0.93 (0.76, 1.13)	0.40 (0.33, 0.48)	1.02 (0.84, 1.25)	0.29 (0.25, 0.34)	0.80 (0.68, 0.94)	0.39 (0.33, 0.45)	0.94 (0.81, 1.11)	0.58 (0.49, 0.68)	1.18 (0.98, 1.41)
All countries combined*	0.74 (0.66, 0.81)	0.86 (0.84, 0.88)	0.53 (0.50, 0.57)	0.80 (0.72, 0.88)	0.52 (0.46, 0.59)	0.81 (0.76, 0.86)	0.57 (0.54, 0.60)	0.87 (0.80, 0.94)	0.57 (0.48, 0.68)	0.76 (0.62, 0.95)

Surveys countries and year: Afghanistan 2010–11; Bhutan 2010; Nepal 2014; Pakistan (Punjab), 2014 and Pakistan (Sindh), 2014
^♱Models adjusted for women’s age, women’s education, area of residence, women’s age at first marriage/union, age of husband, wealth quintiles, and number of children ever born
*Adjusted for both cluster level women weights and country weights in the model

ISSN: 1472-6874