| Score mean ± SD | Norm | MDa | 95% CIb | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience |  | (N = 560)e |  |  |  |
CD-RISCc total score | 54.72 ± 14.71 | 65.4 ± 13.9 | − 10.68 | − 12.59, − 8.77 |  < 0.001 |
Perceived social support |  | (N = 1589)f |  |  |  |
MSPSSd total score | 65.45 ± 9.40 | 68.91 ± 11.99 | − 3.46 | − 4.68, − 2.24 |  < 0.001 |
Coping style |  | (N = 701)g |  |  |  |
Confrontation | 19.87 ± 3.73 | 19.48 ± 3.81 | 0.39 | − 0.10, 0.87 | 0.12 |
Avoidance | 16.70 ± 1.90 | 14.44 ± 2.97 | 2.25 | 2.01, 2.50 |  < 0.001 |
Resignation | 9.57 ± 2.87 | 8.81 ± 3.17 | 0.76 | 0.39, 1.13 |  < 0.001 |