From: Traditional menstruation practices among Nepalese women living in Japan
Traditional menstruation practices | Nepal | Japan | pc n (%) | PD (95% CI)d | High in Nepal but low in Japan | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higha n (%) | Lowb n (%) | Higha n (%) | Lowb n (%) | ||||
Restriction of religious behaviours | |||||||
Going to a temple | 80 (76.9) | 24 (23.1) | 68 (65.4) | 36 (34.6) | 0.031 | 0.12 (0.02–0.21) | 19 (18.3) |
Attending religious events | 72 (69.2) | 32 (30.8) | 59 (56.7) | 45 (43.3) | 0.021 | 0.13 (0.03–0.22) | 20 (19.2) |
Attending a wedding ceremony | 46 (44.2) | 58 (55.8) | 23 (22.1) | 81 (77.9) | 0.002 | 0.16 (0.07–0.26) | 29 (27.9) |
Restriction of contact with others | |||||||
Attending to male family members | 39 (37.5) | 65 (62.5) | 18 (17.3) | 86 (82.7) | < 0.001 | 0.20 (0.10–0.30) | 27 (26.0) |
Contact with male family members | 34 (32.7) | 70 (67.3) | 16 (15.4) | 88 (84.6) | 0.001 | 0.17 (0.08–0.27) | 23 (22.1) |
Contact with others | 27 (26.0) | 77 (74.0) | 12 (11.5) | 92 (88.5) | 0.007 | 0.14 (0.05–0.24) | 21 (20.2) |
Restriction of cooking and eating | |||||||
Using the kitchen | 47 (45.2) | 57 (54.8) | 25 (24.0) | 79 (76.0) | < 0.001 | 0.22 (0.11–0.33) | 30 (28.3) |
Cooking | 46 (44.2) | 58 (55.8) | 23 (22.1) | 81 (77.9) | < 0.001 | 0.21 (0.17–0.32) | 29 (27.9) |
Touching fruit and fruit trees | 40 (38.5) | 64 (61.5) | 17 (16.3) | 87 (83.7) | < 0.001 | 0.21 (0.12–0.30) | 25 (24.0) |
Using cookware | 38 (36.5) | 66 (63.5) | 20 (19.2) | 84 (80.8) | 0.004 | 0.16 (0.06–0.26) | 24 (23.1) |
Eating nutritious food | 14 (13.5) | 90 (86.5) | 7 (6.7) | 97 (93.3) | 0.752 | − 0.02 (− 0.08 to 0.04) | 4 (3.8) |
Restriction of living places | |||||||
Staying in one’s own house | 26 (25.0) | 78 (75.0) | 13 (12.5) | 91 (87.5) | 0.029 | 0.11(0.02–0.19) | 17 (16.3) |
Going to public spaces | 31 (29.8) | 73 (70.2) | 15 (14.4) | 89 (85.6) | 0.001 | 0.15 (0.07–0.23) | 18 (17.3) |
Using a bedroom | 33 (31.7) | 71 (68.3) | 18 (17.3) | 86 (82.7) | 0.002 | 0.14 (0.06–0.23) | 19 (18.3) |
Going to other houses | 40 (38.5) | 64 (61.5) | 26 (25.0) | 78 (75.0) | 0.004 | 0.13 (0.05–0.21) | 17 (16.3) |
Restriction of sanitary behaviours | |||||||
Showering | 16 (15.4) | 88 (84.6) | 16 (15.4) | 88 (84.6) | 1.000 | 0.00 (-0.07–0.07) | 6 (5.8) |
Using used cloth as a napkin | 14 (13.5) | 90 (86.5) | 7 (6.7) | 97 (93.3) | 0.096 | 0.07 (0.00–0.13) | 10 (9.6) |