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Table 2 Implementation of traditional menstruation practices at high and low frequencies in Nepal and Japan (n = 104)

From: Traditional menstruation practices among Nepalese women living in Japan

Traditional menstruation practices

Nepal

Japan

pc

n (%)

PD (95% CI)d

High in Nepal but low in Japan

Higha

n (%)

Lowb

n (%)

Higha

n (%)

Lowb

n (%)

Restriction of religious behaviours

       

Going to a temple

80 (76.9)

24 (23.1)

68 (65.4)

36 (34.6)

0.031

0.12 (0.02–0.21)

19 (18.3)

Attending religious events

72 (69.2)

32 (30.8)

59 (56.7)

45 (43.3)

0.021

0.13 (0.03–0.22)

20 (19.2)

Attending a wedding ceremony

46 (44.2)

58 (55.8)

23 (22.1)

81 (77.9)

0.002

0.16 (0.07–0.26)

29 (27.9)

Restriction of contact with others

       

Attending to male family members

39 (37.5)

65 (62.5)

18 (17.3)

86 (82.7)

 < 0.001

0.20 (0.10–0.30)

27 (26.0)

Contact with male family members

34 (32.7)

70 (67.3)

16 (15.4)

88 (84.6)

0.001

0.17 (0.08–0.27)

23 (22.1)

Contact with others

27 (26.0)

77 (74.0)

12 (11.5)

92 (88.5)

0.007

0.14 (0.05–0.24)

21 (20.2)

Restriction of cooking and eating

       

Using the kitchen

47 (45.2)

57 (54.8)

25 (24.0)

79 (76.0)

 < 0.001

0.22 (0.11–0.33)

30 (28.3)

Cooking

46 (44.2)

58 (55.8)

23 (22.1)

81 (77.9)

 < 0.001

0.21 (0.17–0.32)

29 (27.9)

Touching fruit and fruit trees

40 (38.5)

64 (61.5)

17 (16.3)

87 (83.7)

 < 0.001

0.21 (0.12–0.30)

25 (24.0)

Using cookware

38 (36.5)

66 (63.5)

20 (19.2)

84 (80.8)

0.004

0.16 (0.06–0.26)

24 (23.1)

Eating nutritious food

14 (13.5)

90 (86.5)

7 (6.7)

97 (93.3)

0.752

− 0.02 (− 0.08 to 0.04)

4 (3.8)

Restriction of living places

       

Staying in one’s own house

26 (25.0)

78 (75.0)

13 (12.5)

91 (87.5)

0.029

0.11(0.02–0.19)

17 (16.3)

Going to public spaces

31 (29.8)

73 (70.2)

15 (14.4)

89 (85.6)

0.001

0.15 (0.07–0.23)

18 (17.3)

Using a bedroom

33 (31.7)

71 (68.3)

18 (17.3)

86 (82.7)

0.002

0.14 (0.06–0.23)

19 (18.3)

Going to other houses

40 (38.5)

64 (61.5)

26 (25.0)

78 (75.0)

0.004

0.13 (0.05–0.21)

17 (16.3)

Restriction of sanitary behaviours

       

Showering

16 (15.4)

88 (84.6)

16 (15.4)

88 (84.6)

1.000

0.00 (-0.07–0.07)

6 (5.8)

Using used cloth as a napkin

14 (13.5)

90 (86.5)

7 (6.7)

97 (93.3)

0.096

0.07 (0.00–0.13)

10 (9.6)

  1. aHigh frequency; scores of 4 and 5, bLow frequency; scores of 1, 2 and 3, cMcNemar’s test, dPD (95% CI); Percent difference (95% confidence interval)