Associations between depressive symptoms, socio-economic factors, traumatic exposure and recent intimate partner violence experiences among women in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study

Machisa, Mercilene; Shamu, Simukai

doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01796-w

Table 1 Mean depression scores disaggregated by different variables and bivariate associations

From: Associations between depressive symptoms, socio-economic factors, traumatic exposure and recent intimate partner violence experiences among women in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study

Variable	Total		Mean depression score comparison				Bivariate regression
Variable	N	%	Mean depression score	95% CI		P value	Coefficient	95% CI			P Value
Age
18–24 years	624	21.48	12.37	11.59	13.15	0.316	1.00
25–39 years	1382	47.57	13.04	12.46	13.63		0.68	− 0.16	1.52	0.114
40 + yeas	899	30.95	12.94	12.06	13.81		0.57	− 0.42	1.56	0.258
Primary school education and lower	1479	50.91	12.99	12.26	13.73	0.06	1.00
Secondary education	1275	43.89	12.54	11.94	13.14		− 0.46	− 1.29	0.38	0.282
Tertiary education	151	5.20	14.34	12.92	15.77		1.35	− 0.24	2.94	0.096
Food insecure	1,219	41.96	13.48	12.92	14.05	0.002	1.00
Food secure	1,686	58.04	12.42	12.01	12.83	0.002	− 1.07	− 1.89	− 0.24	0.011
No income	2,261	77.83	12.65	12.26	13.04	0.017	1.00
Income	644	22.17	13.63	12.95	14.32	0.017	0.98	0.06	1.90	0.037
Instrumental support-Difficult to find money	2,193	75.49	13.17	12.76	13.57	0.002	1.00
Instrumental support-Easy to find money	712	24.51	11.94	11.36	12.52	0.002	− 1.23	− 2.06	− 0.39	0.004
Currently not in relationship	585	20.14	12.98	12.06	13.90	0.096	1.00
Not cohabiting with partner	478	16.45	13.65	12.64	14.66		0.67	− 0.56	1.90	0.285
Cohabiting with partner	1842	63.41	12.62	12.07	13.18		− 0.35	− 1.29	0.58	0.456
No IPV past year	2151	74.04	11.78	11.22	12.33	< 0.0001	1.00
Economic IPV & other forms past year	384	13.22	17.14	16.04	18.23		5.36	4.21	6.51	< 0.0001
Other forms and no economic IPV past year	370	12.74	14.76	13.76	15.75		2.98	1.92	4.04	< 0.0001
No trauma exposure	1,554	53.49	10.18	9.77	10.58	< 0.0001	1.00
Trauma exposure	1,351	46.51	15.96	15.45	16.47	< 0.0001	5.79	4.94	6.63	< 0.0001
No childhood abuse	390	13.43	8.800	8.05	9.55	< 0.0001	1.00
Any childhood abuse	2515	86.57	13.50	13.13	13.86	< 0.0001	4.70	3.74	5.65	< 0.0001
No lifetime non-partner rape	2,707	93.18	12.60	12.26	12.94	< 0.0001	1.00
Lifetime partner rape	198	6.82	16.57	14.91	18.24	< 0.0001	3.98	2.14	5.81	< 0.0001
No alcohol consumption past year	2659	91.53	12.70	12.35	13.05	< 0.0017	1.00
Alcohol consumption past year	246	8.47	14.64	13.41	15.88	< 0.0017	1.94	0.64	3.25	0.004
No boyfriend/husband	585	20.14	12.98	12.06	13.90	0.223	1.00
Partner no alcohol consumption past year	1330	45.78	12.55	11.94	13.17		− 0.43	− 1.40	0.54	0.387
Partner alcohol consumption past year	990	34.08	13.22	12.48	13.95		0.24	− 0.79	1.27	0.649
No help sought	990	34.08	11.60	10.78	12.43	< 0.0001	1.00
Sought informal or professional emotional support	1274	43.86	13.38	12.79	13.96		1.77	0.90	2.65	< 0.0001
Sought both informal and professional emotional support	641	22.07	13.79	12.85	14.74		2.19	1.00	3.38	< 0.0001
HIV status undisclosed	2728	93.91	12.59	12.25	12.92	< 0.0001	1.00
HIV positive self-reported	177	6.09	17.17	15.30	19.03	< 0.0001	4.58	2.68	6.48	< 0.0001

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