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Table 3 Determinants of anal intercourse and condomless anal intercourse over follow-up among women in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study cohort (N = 3,708 over 69,438 visits)

From: Longitudinal determinants of anal intercourse among women with, and without HIV in the United States

  

Any AI

Condomless AI

  

Univariate analysis

Multivariable analysis

Univariate analysis

Multivariable analysis

  

OR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

HIV status

Seronegative

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Seropositive

0.67

0.54–0.83

1.04

0.89–1.28

0.45

0.35–0.57

0.61

0.46–0.74

Demographic determinants

Age

Years, continuous

0.94

0.94–0.95

0.97

0.96–0.98

0.94

0.93–0.95

0.96

0.95–0.97

Race and ethnicitya

Non-Hispanic Black

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 
 

Hispanic/Latina

1.50

1.17–1.92

1.88

1.47–2.41

1.45

1.08–1.94

1.65

1.25–2.20

 

Non-Hispanic White

1.40

0.98–1.99

1.62

1.15–2.30

0.98

0.63–1.39

1.05

0.73–1.55

 

Other

1.21

0.71–2.03

1.29

0.79–2.03

1.23

0.66–2.30

1.21

0.82–2.18

Educationa

< High school

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 
 

≥ High school

1.20

0.98–1.48

1.33

1.08–1.65

1.09

0.85–1.40

1.25

0.97–1.61

Married or living with a partner

No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Yes

1.12

0.94–1.33

0.88

0.76–1.06

1.24

1.03–1.51

1.10

0.93–1.32

Household annual income

< $12,000

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

≥ $12,000

1.19

1.02–1.39

1.14

0.98–1.33

1.06

0.86–1.26

0.98

0.81–1.15

Violence victimization

None

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 
 

Either physical or sexual

2.64

2.18–3.18

1.35

1.10–1.62

2.94

2.35–3.56

1.62

1.28–2.08

 

Both physical and sexual

4.50

2.95–7.12

1.77

1.13–2.82

5.82

3.37–9.06

2.50

1.44–4.12

Behavioral determinants

Alcohol use

< 8 drinks/week

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 
 

≥ 8 drinks/week

1.91

1.55–2.31

1.27

1.05–1.51

1.96

1.56–2.34

1.31

1.04–1.62

Crack, cocaine or heroin use

No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Yes

2.08

1.69–2.52

1.34

1.09–1.66

2.05

1.61–2.62

1.35

1.02–1.78

Number of male sex partners and exchange sexb

1 partner, no exchange sex

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

≥ 2 partners, no exchange sex

2.64

2.23–3.11

2.10

1.79–2.50

2.49

2.00–3.03

1.91

1.52–2.33

 

Any exchange sex

3.45

2.53–4.71

2.20

1.57–3.13

3.21

2.13–4.68

1.83

1.16–2.81

Number of female sex partners

0

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

≥ 1

1.11

0.84–1.47

1.32

1.01–1.75

1.21

0.87–1.71

1.32

0.89–1.92

Condomless VI

No

Ref

 

Ref

 

–

–

–

–

Yes

3.48

2.95–4.02

1.80

1.53–2.09

–

–

–

–

Psycho-social determinants

High depressive symptomsc

No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Yes

1.36

1.19–1.53

1.23

1.08–1.39

1.42

1.20–1.67

1.25

1.03–1.48

  1. Visits for which AI data were available and for which the prior visit was no longer than 12 months ago (i.e., maximum one visit skipped) were included in the analysis. Most follow-up visits (93.1%) were six months apart, with 5.3% of visits occurring after one skipped visit; applying this criterion therefore removed only 1.6% of visits. Missing values for covariates were imputed (see Methods for details). The covariates HIV status, age and race and ethnicity had no missing values. Education status was missing for 1 woman (measured at baseline). Data on marital status were missing at 4.9% of visits, household income at 5.7%, violence victimization at 39.2%, alcohol use at 3.6%, crack, cocaine, or heroin use at 3.5%, number of male partners and exchange sex at 6.0%, number of female partners at 3.5%, condomless VI at 5.2% and high depressive symptoms at 11.3% of visits
  2. OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, VI vaginal intercourse. All covariates were collected over follow-up and represent since the last visit except race and ethnicity and education level, which were measured at baseline. Results in bold indicate that the 95% CI does not include the null value
  3. aVariables measured at baseline. All other variables were measured over follow-up. bWomen reported only one male sex partner at 197 of 1487 visits (13.2%) where exchange sex was reported. cScores of > 15 in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were defined as high depressive symptoms(36)
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BMC Women's Health

ISSN: 1472-6874

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