Table 2 Individual and community-level determinants of cervical cancer screening

Individual-level characteristics

Age group

 ≤30 (Ref)

 31–49

(1.72–2.34)***

(1.72–2.34)***

Religion

 Christians (Ref)

 Non-Christians

(0.69–1.26)

(0.70–1.26)

Education level

 ≤Primary school (Ref)

 Secondary school

(1.12–1.65)**

(1.08–1.59)**

 Post-secondary

(1.27–2.23)***

(1.23–2.16)**

Employment status

 No (Ref)

 Yes

(1.17–1.55)***

(1.17–1.55)***

Covered by health insurance

 No (Ref)

 Yes

(1.61–2.33)***

(1.63–2.34)***

Ever used modern contraceptives

 No (Ref)

 Yes

(1.25–1.90)***

(1.22–1.86)***

Total children ever born

 ≤3 (Ref)

 ≥4

(0.91–1.29)

(0.90–1.29)

Age at first sex

 Never had sex (Ref)

 ≤17

(14.92–79.36)***

(15.03–79.93)***

 18–22

(13.52–71.51)***

(13.47–71.29)***

 23–37

(14.86–81.24)***

(14.46–79.05)***

Wealth index

 Poorest (Ref)

 Poor

(0.71–1.38)

(0.68–1.32)

 Middle

(0.96–1.81)

(0.85–1.62)

 Rich

(1.78–3.24)***

(1.06–2.20)*

 Richest

(2.09–3.96)***

(1.09–2.47)*

Amount of media exposure

 None (Ref)

 Single

(0.90–1.36)

(0.91–1.39)

 Multiple

(1.01–1.54)*

(1.03–1.58)*

Household size

 1–4 (Ref)

 5–8

(0.90–1.18)

(0.91–1.20)

 9+

(0.77–1.30)

(0.79–1.35)

Place of delivery

 Health facility (Ref)

 Home

(0.34–0.70)***

(0.35–0.72)***

 Never given birth

(0.87–1.16)

(0.86–1.15)

Community-level determinants

 Women with favorable attitude towards IPV against women

 Low (Ref)

 High

(1.04–1.41)*

 Women with high decision making autonomy

 Low (Ref)

 High

(0.80–1.10)

 Women with a non-poor wealth index

 Low (Ref)

 High

(1.14–2.05)**

 Difficulty in access to healthcare

 Low (Ref)

 High

(0.65–1.02)

Type of residence

 Rural (Ref)

 Urban

(0.76–1.40)