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Table 3 Pain and pain medication data. Data are mean (SD) or number of cases (%)

From: Resilience, pain, and health-related quality of life in gynecological patients undergoing surgery for benign and malignant conditions: a 12-month follow-up study

Variable

All participants (N = 271)

Benign disease (n = 190)

Malignant disease (n = 81)

p value

Preoperative pain and analgesics

 Had pain before surgery, n (%)

116 (43%)

82 (43%)

34 (42%)

0.86

Most pain at rest, NRS 0–10

1.5 (2.3)

1.6 (2.4)

1.4 (2.2)

0.47

Most pain at movement, NRS 0–10

1.9 (2.6)

1.9 (2.7)

1.7 (2.5)

0.62

 Had preoperative pain medication, n (%)

169 (62%)

121 (64%)

48 (59%)

0.49

Paracetamol

117 (43%)

81 (42%)

36 (44%)

0.78

NSAID

108 (40%)

83 (44%)

25 (31%)

0.048

Opioid

15 (6%)

12 (6%)

3 (4%)

0.39

Adjuvanta

10 (4%)

7 (4%)

3 (4%)

0.99

 Pain relief achieved, NRS 0–10

6.5 (3.4)

6.5 (3.5)

6.5 (3.0)

0.98

 Analgesics’ adverse effects, n (%)

18 (7%)

12 (6%)

6 (7%)

0.77

Perioperative pain and analgesics

 Pain during the first 24 h after surgery

Least, NRS 0–10

0.2 (0.5)

0.2 (0.6)

0.1 (0.3)

0.003

Most, NRS 0–10

3.9 (2.3)

3.8 (2.3)

4.2 (2.3)

0.16

Average, NRS 0–10

1.7 (1.2)

1.7 (1.2)

1.6 (1.3)

0.83

Pain at PACU discharge, NRS 0–10

1.0 (1.0)

1.0 (1.0)

0.9 (1.0)

0.23

 Perioperative pain medication, n (%)

Paracetamol

267 (99%)

188 (99%)

79 (98%)

0.38

NSAID

189 (70%)

150 (79%)

39 (48%)

< 0.001

Opioid

267 (99%)

186 (98%)

81 (100%)

0.12

S-Ketamine

47 (17%)

24 (13%)

23 (28%)

0.002

Epidural infusion

42 (16%)

19 (10%)

23 (28%)

< 0.001

Pain and analgesics at 12 months after surgery

 Had pain at 12 months, n (%)

107 (44%)

70 (41%)

37 (52%)

0.11

Surgery-related pain

31 (13%)

18 (11%)

13 (18%)

0.21

Most pain at rest, NRS 0–10

1.0 (1.9)

1 (2.0)

1.0 (1.7)

0.74

Most pain at movement, NRS 0–10

1.0 (1.9)

1 (1.8)

1.2 (1.9)

0.23

 Pain medication at 12 months, n (%)

114 (47%)

74 (43%)

40 (56%)

0.064

Paracetamol

85 (35%)

55 (32%)

30 (42%)

0.13

NSAID

63 (26%)

47 (27%)

16 (23%)

0.42

Opioid

12 (5%)

6 (4%)

6 (8%)

0.11

Adjuvantb

10 (4%)

4 (2%)

6 (8%)

0.03

 Pain relief achieved (NRS 0–10)

4.5 (3.9)

3.7 (3.9)

6.5 (3.3)

< 0.001

 Analgesics’ adverse effects, n (%)

22 (9%)

15 (9%)

7 (10%)

0.67

  1. NRS numeral rating scale (0 = No pain/no pain relief, 10 = Most pain/complete pain relief), NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PACU postanesthesia care unit
  2. aAdjuvant analgesics: amitriptyline, gabapentinoids, pitofenone, trimipramine, triptans
  3. bAdjuvant analgesics: amitriptyline, carbamazepine, gabapentinoids, triptans, venlafaxine
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