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Table 2 Bivariate analysis (based on ANOVA) of the association between women’s autonomy in the household including other covariates and fertility

From: Determinants of fertility in Malawi: Does women autonomy dimension matter?

Variable

Mean

95% CI

F-score

Significance

Autonomy in household decision making participation

Have autonomy

3.47

3.42–3.52

0.923

0.397

Have partial autonomy

3.44

3.38–3.50

  

Have no autonomy

3.41

3.31–3.50

  

Sexual Autonomy

Have autonomy

3.33

3.29–3.38

32.94

 < 0.001

Have partial autonomy

3.57

3.48–3.65

  

Have no autonomy

3.70

3.61–3.80

  

Age at first cohabitation/marriage

19 years and less

3.58

3.54–3.62

163.92

 < 0.001

20 years and above

3.04

2.98–3.11

  

Modern Contraceptive use

Using modern methods

3.71

3.66–3.75

277.83

 < 0.001

Not using modern methods

3.10

3.04–3.16

  

Religion

Christian

3.44

3.40–3.48

1.228

0.293

Muslim

3.52

3.41–3.64

  

Ethnicity

Chewa

3.51

3.44–3.58

1.75

0.072

Tumbuka

3.42

3.31–3.52

  

Lomwe

3.39

3.31–3.48

  

Tonga

3.28

3.11–3.46

  

Yao

3.41

3.30–3.52

  

Sena

3.51

3.36–3.67

  

Nkhonde

3.35

3.04–3.66

  

Ngoni

3.40

3.31–3.50

  

Mang’anja

3.72

3.50–3.94

  

Nyanga

3.43

3.18–3.67

  

Type of place of residence

Urban

2.83

2.77–2.90

275.86

 < 0.001

Rural

3.60

3.55–3.64

  

Highest education level

No education

5.02

4.91–5.13

724.55

 < 0.001

Primary

3.53

3.49–3.57

  

Secondary

2.53

2.30–2.40

  

Higher

1.34

1.79–2.06

  

Household income

Poor

3.41

3.34–3.47

105.15

 < 0.001

Middle income

3.73

3.67–3.79

  

Rich

3.05

2.99–3.12

  

Husband/partner’s level of education

No education

4.49

4.36–4.62

433. 84

 < 0.001

Primary

3.82

3.77–3.87

  

Secondary

2.72

2.67–2.77

  

Higher

2.40

2.29–2.52

  

Employed

No

3.11

3.05–3.17

176.19

 < 0.001

Yes

3.62

3.58–3.66

  

Exposure to mass media – radio listening

Not at all

3.58

3.53–3.64

26.01

 < 0.001

Less than once a week

3.37

3.29–3.46

  

At least once a week

3.30

3.24–3.36

  

Exposure to mass media – television watching

Not at all

3.57

3.53–3.61

101.42

 < 0.001

Less than once a week

3.18

3.06–3.30

  

At least once a week

2.82

2.74–2.900

  
  1. Statistically significant at P < 0.05, where SD is standard deviation and CI is confidence interval of the mean