Table 2 Bivariate associations of IPV and socio-demographic characteristics
DH2015 | DH2020 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever experienced IPV | |||||||||
Women | Men | Women | Men | ||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Respondent's age | P value | 0.002 | 0.054 | 0.035 | 0.363 | ||||
15–19 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | |
20–29 | 39.0 | 30.9 | 22.9 | 18.1 | 29.3 | 26 | 16.4 | 11.8 | |
30–39 | 40.0 | 44.1 | 39.9 | 43.7 | 45.0 | 48.2 | 43.0 | 45.7 | |
40–49 | 20.0 | 23.3 | 23.1 | 19.1 | 24.4 | 25.3 | 26.0 | 27.3 | |
50 and above | 0.0 | 0 | 14.0 | 19.1 | 0 | 0 | 14.6 | 15.1 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Partner's age | P value | 0.40 | 0.523 | 0.302 | 0.419 | ||||
15–19 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | |
20–29 | 27.9 | 21.2 | 35.9 | 32.3 | 18.9 | 15.6 | 28.2 | 26.9 | |
30–39 | 41.4 | 43.4 | 41.4 | 44.9 | 45.5 | 47.2 | 47.0 | 44.7 | |
40–49 | 20.6 | 23.2 | 16.0 | 15.7 | 23.6 | 25.5 | 18.0 | 17.8 | |
50 and above | 10 | 12.1 | 5.5 | 6.7 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 6.0 | 9.6 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1020) | 100 (604) | 100 (1080) | 100 (254) | 100 (967) | 100 (699) | 100 (1101) | 100 (219) | |
Respondent's education | P value | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.058 | ||||
No education | 15.8 | 18.2 | 16.8 | 24.6 | 11 | 16.4 | 12.8 | 16.3 | |
Primary | 69.5 | 74.5 | 71.3 | 67.6 | 62.5 | 69.2 | 69.3 | 71.8 | |
Secondary | 11.5 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 20 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 9.8 | |
Higher | 3.2 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 6.5 | 1.3 | 5.0 | 2.0 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Residence of respondent | P value | 0.264 | 0.425 | 0.005 | 0.658 | ||||
Urban | 22.8 | 17.5 | 22.3 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 17.9 | 20.0 | 18.8 | |
Rural | 77.2 | 82.5 | 77.7 | 79.9 | 80.1 | 82.1 | 80.0 | 81.2 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Partner's education | P value | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
No Education | 14.4 | 22.5 | 10.4 | 17.1 | |||||
Primary | 70 | 69 | 68 | 72.5 | |||||
Secondary | 11.4 | 7.2 | 14.3 | 8.7 | |||||
Higher | 4.3 | 1.2 | 7.3 | 1.7 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (1135) | 100 (759) | 100 (962) | 100 (691) | |||||
Respondent's literacy | P value | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.053 | ||||
Cannot read at all | 22.9 | 28.3 | 20.9 | 30.8 | 17 | 25 | 18.5 | 25.3 | |
Able to read only parts of sentence | 8.7 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 6.2 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.8 | |
Able to read whole sentence | 68.3 | 62.3 | 70.2 | 63.0 | 72.2 | 64.8 | 71.4 | 64.9 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1134) | 100 (763) | 100 (1093) | 100 (292) | 100 (1052) | 100 (893) | 100 (1127) | 100 (245) | |
Respondent's Wealth index | P value | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.111 | ||||
Poorest | 17 | 28.9 | 17.367 | 26.6 | 19.4 | 28.3 | 19.5 | 24.5 | |
Poorer | 21 | 20.8 | 21.389 | 21.5 | 19.2 | 22.8 | 20.1 | 20.4 | |
Middle | 20.5 | 19 | 20.750 | 22.9 | 18.5 | 18.2 | 23.0 | 26.1 | |
Richer | 18.6 | 17.9 | 21.115 | 16.0 | 22.2 | 17.7 | 20.3 | 14.7 | |
Richest | 22.9 | 13.4 | 19.378 | 13.0 | 20.6 | 13.1 | 17.1 | 14.3 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Partner’s drink alcohol | P value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
No | 14.2 | 10.7 | 67.1 | 44.7 | 23.2 | 20.6 | 71.8 | 49.0 | |
Yes | 85.8 | 89.3 | 32.9 | 55.3 | 76.8 | 79.4 | 28.2 | 51.0 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1126) | 100 (245) | |
Respondent currently working | P value | 0.162 | 0.657 | 0.026 | 0.916 | ||||
No | 43.6 | 21.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 50.6 | 20.7 | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 56.4 | 78.5 | 99.5 | 99.7 | 49.4 | 79.3 | 99 | 99 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Respondent's province | P value | 0.565 | 0.392 | 0.519 | 0.223 | ||||
Kigali city | 11.6 | 10.9 | 12.1 | 9.9 | 11 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 9.0 | |
South | 24.4 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 27.6 | 23.9 | 25.3 | 23.5 | 27.3 | |
West | 23.4 | 22.5 | 23.4 | 24.2 | 22.4 | 24.6 | 22.9 | 24.5 | |
North | 15.4 | 18.3 | 18.0 | 14.3 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 17.9 | 13.1 | |
East | 25.3 | 24.6 | 22.1 | 23.9 | 26.3 | 23.2 | 24.2 | 26.1 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Respondent involved with decisions about her earnings | P value | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Respondent alone | 12.4 | 24.8 | 18.5 | 25.6 | 17.5 | 29.1 | 13.0 | 22.5 | |
Respondent and partner | 76.9 | 57.5 | 79.6 | 71.2 | 75.1 | 58.3 | 84.6 | 70.5 | |
partner alone | 10.6 | 17.7 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 7.5 | 12.6 | 2.3 | 7.0 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (620) | 100 (395) | 100 (920) | 100 (215) | 100.1 (550) | 100 (398) | 100 (937) | 100 (200) | |
Respondent involved with decisions about her health | P value | 0.000 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 0.036 | ||||
Respondent alone | 16.9 | 27.2 | 42.4 | 51.6 | 21.9 | 36.4 | 46.0 | 52.5 | |
Respondent and partner | 67.4 | 54.5 | 53.8 | 45.7 | 61.3 | 42.6 | 51.0 | 42.5 | |
Partner alone | 15.7 | 18.4 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 16.8 | 20.9 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1021) | 100 (604) | 100 (1079) | 100 (254) | 100 (966) | 100 (697) | 100 (1101) | 100 (219) | |
Respondent involved in decisions about household purchase | P value | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | ||||
Respondent alone | 7.4 | 14.8 | 27.1 | 37 | 4.8 | 10.9 | 23.5 | 39.3 | |
Respondent and partner | 69.3 | 50.6 | 69.7 | 56.7 | 76.9 | 59.1 | 70.1 | 53.4 | |
Partner alone | 23.2 | 34.7 | 3.2 | 6.3 | 18.3 | 30 | 6.4 | 6.8 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1021) | 100 (603) | 100 (1079) | 100 (254) | 100 (966) | 100 (697) | 100 (1101) | 100 (219) | |
Respondent involved with decisions about her visits of friends or relatives | P value | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
Respondent alone | 12.1 | 22.6 | 16.3 | 22.5 | |||||
Respondent and husband/partner | 75.9 | 60.5 | 74.2 | 59.1 | |||||
Husband/partner alone | 11.9 | 16.9 | 9.5 | 18.5 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (101) | 100 (603) | 100 (963) | 100 (699) | |||||
Household members | P value | 0.129 | 0.169 | 0.000 | 0.161 | ||||
1–3 | 30.5 | 25.1 | 25.6 | 28.0 | 28.6 | 26.8 | 24.4 | 30.2 | |
4–5 | 39.3 | 42.7 | 41.7 | 45.1 | 42.4 | 46.9 | 46.1 | 42.0 | |
6 and above | 30.2 | 32.2 | 32.7 | 27.0 | 29 | 26.3 | 29.6 | 27.8 | |
Total % (N) | 100 (1139) | 100 (764) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1052) | 100 (895) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |
Frequency of being hit in last 12 months by other than partner | 0.005 | 0.597 | |||||||
Not at all | 90.4 | 81.2 | 90.8 | 87.8 | |||||
Often | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | |||||
Sometimes | 9.3 | 16.8 | 8.8 | 11.1 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (386) | 100 (149) | 100 (251) | 100 (90) | |||||
Number of wives or partners | P value | 0.002 | 0.15 | ||||||
One wife | 97.315 | 93.3 | 96.9 | 95.0 | |||||
More than one wife | 2.685 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 5.0 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (1080) | 100 (254) | 100 (1101) | 100 (219) | |||||
Owns a house alone or jointly | 0.079 | 0.11 | |||||||
Does not own | P value | 16.2 | 21.8 | 18.6 | 24.5 | ||||
Alone only | 34.6 | 33.8 | 28.0 | 28.6 | |||||
Jointly only | 48.6 | 44.4 | 48.7 | 44.1 | |||||
Both alone and jointly | 0.5 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 2.9 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |||||
Owns land alone or jointly | 0.031 | 0.022 | |||||||
Does not own | P value | 22.7 | 29.7 | 34.4 | 43.3 | ||||
Alone only | 28.6 | 28.7 | 25.4 | 25.7 | |||||
Jointly only | 48.3 | 40.6 | 36.1 | 29.0 | |||||
Both alone and jointly | 0.5 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 2.0 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (1094) | 100 (293) | 100 (1129) | 100 (245) | |||||
Frequency of wife/partner being drunk | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||
Never | 81.9 | 41.9 | 61.8 | 26.4 | |||||
Often | P value | 1.1 | 10.0 | 0.3 | 9.6 | ||||
Sometimes | 17 | 48.1 | 37.9 | 64 | |||||
Total % (N) | 100 (359) | 100 (160) | 100 (317) | 100 (125) | |||||