Table 2 Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for variables considered in multivariable logistic regression

OR (95%CI)

P-value

OR (95%CI)

P-value

Age (n_e = 267, n_r = 230)

1.04 (1.00, 1.09)

 < 0.10

0.99 (0.93, 1.05)

0.62

Household Income (n_e = 236, n_r = 199)

 < S$2,000

Ref

0.45

Ref

 < 0.01

S$2,000–S$3,999

1.24 (0.67, 2.32)

1.19 (0.55, 2.56)

S$4,000–S$5,999

1.36 (0.64, 2.89)

2.89 (1.19, 7.02)

 ≥ S$6,000

2.05 (0.82, 5.08)

4.33 (1.66, 11.29)

Highest Education Level (n_e = 269, n_r = 229)

Primary Education

Ref

0.15

Ref

 < 0.05

Secondary Education

1.38 (0.81, 2.35)

2.00 (1.05, 3.79)

Tertiary Education

2.23 (0.96, 5.19)

4.00 (1.52, 10.55)

Type of Housing (n_e = 270, n_r = 230)

HDB 1–2 Rooms

Ref

0.38

Ref

 < 0.10

HDB 3 Rooms

0.69 (0.29, 1.65)

3.18 (0.97, 10.43)

HDB 4 Rooms

1.10 (0.48, 2.49)

1.97 (0.62, 6.26)

HDB 5 Rooms/Others

1.23 (0.49, 3.08)

3.84 (1.13, 13.02)

Personal Doctor (n_e = 269, n_r = 230)

Yes

2.86 (1.37, 5.96)

 < 0.01

4.21 (1.23, 14.47)

 < 0.05

Family History (n_e = 269, n_r = 230)

Yes

1.80 (0.91, 3.54)

 < 0.10

3.13 (1.57, 6.26)

 < 0.01

Attended a prayer in the mosque in the last 1 year (n_e = 270, n_r = 230)

Yes

1.94 (1.13, 3.32)

 < 0.05

1.50 (0.79, 2.83)

0.22

Grouped Variables

Interpersonal Level:

HBM Perceived Barriers, Interpersonal (n_e = 248, n_r = 210)

Low

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

 < 0.10

Moderate

0.45 (0.25, 0.83)

0.51 (0.26, 1.00)

High

0.34 (0.17, 0.67)

0.48 (0.22, 1.04)

Community Level:

PMIR Punishing Allah Reappraisal (n_e = 255, n_r = 216)

Low

Ref

 < 0.05

Ref

 < 0.10

Moderate

0.45 (0.24, 0.83)

0.73 (0.38, 1.43)

High

0.51 (0.27, 0.98)

0.41 (0.19, 0.86)

RHFQ Divine Provision (n_e = 259, n_r = 222)

Low

Ref

0.15

Ref

 < 0.01

Moderate

0.57 (0.31, 1.04)

0.36 (0.18, 0.74)

High

0.90 (0.48, 1.66)

0.38 (0.19, 0.77)

Environmental Level:

HBM Perceived Barriers, Structural (n_e = 266, n_r = 226)

Low

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

 < 0.01

Moderate

0.46 (0.25, 0.83)

0.38 (0.19, 0.75)

High

0.40 (0.21, 0.74)

0.20 (0.09, 0.45)

Variables as Single Items

Intrapersonal Level:

HBM Perceived Benefit: Breast cancer if detected early can be cured (n_e = 268, n_r = 230)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

0.64

Neutral

0.23 (0.08, 0.61)

0.59 (0.19, 1.85)

Disagree

0.11 (0.03, 0.41)

0.82 (0.25, 2.71)

HBM Perceived Benefit: If breast cancer is detected early, chances of cure are very high (n_e = 269, n_r = 230)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

0.40

Neutral

0.24 (0.07, 0.82)

0.44 (0.09, 2.12)

Disagree

0.15 (0.05, 0.46)

0.57 (0.18, 1.80)

HBM Perceived Benefit: There are medical tests now that can detect breast cancer in its very early stage (n_e = 267, n_r = 228)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

0.61

Neutral

0.33 (0.16, 0.67)

0.64 (0.26, 1.57)

Disagree

0.36 (0.10, 1.31)

0.86 (0.21, 3.43)

HBM Perceived Benefit: Cancer is like a death sentence; if you get it, you will surely die from it (n_e = 266, n_r = 228)

Disagree

Ref

0.77

Ref

 < 0.10

Neutral

0.79 (0.42, 1.49)

0.99 (0.49, 2.02)

Agree

0.95 (0.52, 1.73)

0.45 (0.22, 0.93)

HBM Perceived Susceptibility: I worry about getting breast cancer all the time (n_e = 267, n_r = 229)

Disagree

Ref

0.29

Ref

 < 0.05

Neutral

1.32 (0.69, 2.52)

1.97 (0.94, 4.12)

Agree

1.59 (0.90, 2.81)

0.74 (0.38, 1.43)

HBM Perceived Susceptibility: I can prevent myself from getting breast cancer (n_e = 265, n_r = 228)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.05

Ref

0.87

Neutral

0.49 (0.28, 0.86)

1.18 (0.61, 2.27)

Disagree

0.47 (0.21, 1.04)

1.15 (0.48, 2.75)

EHBM Consideration of Future Consequences: I only act to satisfy my immediate concerns, the future will take care of itself (n_e = 252, n_r = 217)

Disagree

Ref

0.13

Ref

 < 0.05

Neutral

0.46 (0.22, 0.98)

0.81 (0.36, 1.82)

Agree

0.64 (0.32, 1.26)

0.43 (0.21, 0.89)

EHBM Perceived Importance: It is important for me to go for a mammogram to screen for breast cancer (n_e = 255, n_r = 218)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

 < 0.01

Neutral

0.16 (0.07, 0.36)

0.15 (0.03, 0.65)

Disagree

0.06 (0.01, 0.25)

0.12 (0.02, 0.94)

IDI: All mammogram screening are done by women (n_e = 266, n_r = 227)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.05

Ref

0.14

Neutral

0.30 (0.14, 0.66)

0.45 (0.15, 1.39)

Disagree

0.49 (0.18, 1.31)

0.32 (0.07, 1.46)

IDI: I am too old to go for mammogram (n_e = 268, n_r = 229)

Disagree

Ref

0.17

Ref

 < 0.01

Neutral

0.63 (0.31, 1.27)

0.28 (0.10, 0.76)

Agree

0.59 (0.31, 1.12)

0.19 (0.07, 0.50)

IDI: I must have symptoms first before I decide to go for mammogram (n_e = 267, n_r = 229)

Disagree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

 < 0.01

Neutral

0.29 (0.13, 0.62)

0.39 (0.16, 0.98)

Agree

0.30 (0.17, 0.53)

0.17 (0.08, 0.38)

Interpersonal Level

HBM Cues to Action: My friends have told me to go for mammogram (n_e = 266, n_r = 228)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.10

Ref

0.58

Neutral

0.47 (0.24, 0.93)

0.63 (0.27, 1.51)

Disagree

1.18 (0.63, 2.24)

0.87 (0.44, 1.76)

HBM Cues to Action: I would like to be accompanied by my family or friend to go for mammogram (n_e = 267, n_r = 229)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

 < 0.10

Neutral

0.94 (0.47, 1.88)

1.32 (0.56, 3.12)

Disagree

3.27 (1.81, 5.89)

2.04 (1.11, 3.76)

HBM Cues to Action: My personal doctor had recommended mammogram to me (n_e = 269, n_r = 230)

Agree

3.20 (1.92, 5.35)

 < 0.01

3.03 (1.58, 5.80)

 < 0.01

HBM Cues to Action: My nurse or other health care provider (other than the doctor) had recommended mammogram to me (n_e = 269, n_r = 230)

Agree

2.85 (1.72, 4.72)

 < 0.01

2.04 (1.14, 3.66)

 < 0.05

Community Level

PMIR Islamic Religious Internalization-identification: I pray because I find it satisfying (n_e = 269, n_r = 230)

Agree

0.14 (0.02, 1.10)

 < 0.10

0.68 (0.19, 2.49)

0.56

Modesty: When I am in a mixed gender gathering or outside of the home, I cover my entire body except my hands and face (n_e = 266, n_r = 226)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.05

Ref

0.22

Neutral

1.95 (0.83, 4.56)

1.26 (0.54, 2.96)

Disagree

0.52 (0.25, 1.07)

0.44 (0.16, 1.21)

Modesty: I have delayed seeking medical care when no woman doctor is available to see me (n_e = 267, n_r = 228)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.10

Ref

0.27

Neutral

0.43 (0.20, 0.93)

1.77 (0.74, 4.23)

Disagree

0.63 (0.33, 1.19)

0.99 (0.49, 2.01)

IDI: The breast should be ‘intact’ in my body so that I am complete when I leave this world (n_e = 268, n_r = 230)

Disagree

Ref

 < 0.10

Ref

0.25

Neutral

0.47 (0.24, 0.91)

0.65 (0.30, 1.40)

Agree

0.89 (0.50, 1.58)

0.60 (0.32, 1.12)

IDI: I prefer to go to my masseuse or traditional healer to screen for breast cancer (n_e = 268, n_r = 230)

Agree

Ref

 < 0.01

Ref

 < 0.10

Neutral

0.33 (0.16, 0.69)

0.48 (0.19, 1.23)

Disagree

0.30 (0.12, 0.81)

0.24 (0.05, 1.10)