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Table 3 Factors associated with Health insurance utilisation among women in Rwanda as per the 2020 RDHS

From: Women empowerment and health insurance utilisation in Rwanda: a nationwide cross-sectional survey

Variable

Crude odds ratio, COR (95% CI)

p-value*

Adjusted odds ratio, AOR (95% CI)

p-value**

Empowerment

Exposure to mass media

 

 < 0.001

 

0.001

 No exposure

1

 

1

 

 Low

0.61 (0.53–0.70)

 

0.85 (0.73–0.98)

 

 Medium

0.59 (0.51–0.68)

 

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

 

 High

0.32 (0.26–0.39)

 

0.66 (0.52–0.85)

 

Decision making

 

 < 0.001

 

0.001

 No

1

 

1

 

 Low

1.30 (0.98–1.69)

 

1.20 (0.88–1.59)

 

 Medium

0.96 (0.83–1.10)

 

0.92 (0.78–1.08)

 

 High

0.71 (0.64–0.80)

 

0.78 (0.68–0.91)

 

Economic empowerment

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 No

1

 

1

 

 Low

1.36 (1.20–1.53)

 

1.13 (0.986–1.29)

 

 Medium

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

 

0.88 (0.74–1.03)

 

 High

0.71 (0.61–0.84)

 

0.63 (0.51–0.78)

 

Sexual empowerment

 

 < 0.001

 

0.108

 No

1

 

1

 

 Low

0.87 (0.75–1.01)

 

0.84 (0.66–1.07)

 

 High

0.79 (0.71–0.88)

 

0.78 (0.62–0.98)

 

Other variables

Age

 

0.432

 

0.629

 15–24

1

 

1

 

 25–34

1.03 (0.92–1.16)

 

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

 

 35–44

1.09 (0.98–1.22)

 

1.06 (0.90–1.25)

 

 45–49

1.03 (0.87–1.21)

 

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

 

Education level

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 No education

1

 

1

 

 Primary

0.61 (0.53–0.70)

 

0.75 (0.64–0.87)

 

 Secondary

0.33 (0.28–0.40)

 

0.51 (0.41–0.63)

 

 Tertiary

0.11 (0.07–0.19)

 

0.25 (0.15–0.40)

 

Working status

 

0.009

 

0.862

 Not working

1

 

1

 

 Working

1.15 (1.04–1.28)

 

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

 

Marital status

 

0.004

 

0.263

 Unmarried

1

 

1

 

 Married

0.87 (0.78–0.95)

 

1.19 (0.88–1.62)

 

Religion

 

0.010

 

0.436

 Catholic

1

 

1

 

 Protestant

1.26 (1.10–1.44)

 

1.05 (0.91–1.2)

 

 Adventist

1.08 (0.89–1.31)

 

1.00 (0.82–1.23)

 

 Muslim

1.10 (0.72–1.68)

 

1.10 (0.72–1.69)

 

 Others

1.70 (1.21–2.40)

 

1.42 (0.97–2.09)

 

Wealth index

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 Poorest

1

 

1

 

 Poorer

0.51 (0.43–0.60)

 

0.52 (0.44–0.62)

 

 Middle

0.38 (0.31–0.47)

 

0.39 (0.32–0.48)

 

 Richer

0.30 (0.24–0.36)

 

0.24 (0.20–0.30)

 

 Richest

0.20 (0.16–0.24)

 

0.13 (0.09–0.17)

 

Residence

 

0.613

 

 < 0.001

 Rural

1

 

1

 

 Urban

0.95 (0.79–1.15

 

1.72 (1.32–2.24)

 

Region

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 South

1

 

1

 

 North

0.61 (0.47–0.80)

 

0.68 (0.51–0.90)

 

 East

1.31 (1.05–1.65)

 

1.70 (1.34–2.15)

 

 West

1.27 (1.01–1.58)

 

1.36 (1.08–1.73)

 

 Kigali

1.26 (0.98–1.61)

 

2.80 (2.10–3.74)

 

Household size

 

0.200

 

 < 0.001

 6 and above

1

 

1

 

 Less than 6

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

 

0.78 (0.68–0.89)

 

Sex of household head

 

 < 0.001

 

0.196

 Female

1

 

1

 

 Male

0.75 (0.67–0.85)

 

0.92 (0.80–1.05)

 
  1. RDHS Rwanda demographic health survey
  2. Bold values indicate significant, * = significant at 0.25, ** = significant at 0.05
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