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Table 5 Type of exposure and dose–response for male involvement in maternal health and newborn care, Kinshasa 2020

From: Impact of the Momentum pilot project on male involvement in maternal health and newborn care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a quasi-experimental study

Type and Level of Exposure/Treatment

Potential

Outcome Mean

ATE

 

ATE as Percentage Relative to the Base-level POM

 

ATE as Incremental Increase with Previous Level

 

Male Involvement in ANC

 Type of exposure when FTM was pregnant

  None (base level)

1.182 (1.029, 1.334)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  Home visit only

2.106 (1.709, 2.504)

0.925 (0.500, 1.350)

***

78.2%

***

0.925 (0.500, 1.350)

***

  Group education only

1.267 (0.550, 1.985)

0.085 (-0.646, 0.817)

 

7.2%

 

-0.839 (-1.656, -.023)

*

  Both home visit and group education

2.254 (1.621, 2.888)

1.073 (0.421, 1.724)

***

90.8%

***

0.987 (0.032, 1.943)

*

 Number of prenatal home visits a

  None

1.230 (1.077, 1.384)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  1–2

2.123 (1.638, 2.609)

0.893 (0.386, 1.400)

***

7260.0%

***

0.893 (0.386, 1.400)

***

  3 + 

2.315 (1.677, 2.953)

1.085 (0.429, 1.740)

***

88.2%

***

0.192 (-0.610, 0.993)

 

Male involvement in birth planning

 Type of exposure when FTM was pregnant

  None (base level)

2.748 (2.601, 2.894)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  Home visit only

3.796 (3.520, 4.072)

1.048 (0.737, 1.359)

***

38.1%

***

1.048 (0.737, 1.359)

***

  Group education only

4.022 (3.515, 4.528)

1.279 (0.747, 1.801)

***

46.4%

***

0.226 (-0.350, 0.802)

 

  Both home visit and group education

4.255 (3.851, 4.659)

1.507 (1.078, 1.936)

***

54.9%

***

0.233 (-0.413, 0.879)

 

 Number of prenatal home visits a

  None (base level)

2.931 (2.786, 3.076)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  1–2

3.578 (3.252, 3.905)

0.647 (0.293, 1.002)

***

22.1%

***

0.647 (0.293, 1.002)

***

  3 + 

4.300 (3.844, 4.756)

1.369 (0.896, 1.843)

***

46.7%

***

0.722 (0.163, 1.280)

**

Male engagement in newborn care

 Type of exposure when FTM was pregnant

  None (base level)

7.611 (7.409, 7.814)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  Home visit only

8.697 (8.365, 9.030)

1.086 (0.670, 1.473)

***

14.3%

***

1.086 (0.670, 1.473)

***

  Group education only

8.315 (7.652, 8.979)

0.704 (0.010, 1.398)

*

9.2%

*

-0.382 (-1.124, 0.360)

 

  Both home visit and group education

8.479 (7.960, 8.998)

0.867 (0.311, 1.423)

**

11.4%

*

0.164 (-0.678, 1.005)

 

 Number of prenatal home visits a

  None (base level)

7.683 (7.491, 7.875)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  1–2

8.422 (7.975, 8.868)

0.739 (0.254, 1.224)

**

9.6%

**

0.739 (0.254, 1.224)

**

  3 + 

8.973 (8.558, 9.387)

1.290 (0.834, 1.745)

***

16.8%

***

0.551 (-0.057, 1.159)

 

 Total number of group education sessions (prenatal and postnatal) b

  None (base level)

7.816 (7.633, 7.999)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  1–2

7.671 (7.065, 8.277)

-0.145 (-0.777, 0.487)

 

-1.9%

 

-0.145 (-0.777, 0.487)

 

  3 + 

8.912 (8.222, 9.601)

1.096 (0.383, 1.809)

**

14.0%

**

1.241 (0.326, 2.155)

**

Shared MNH decision making

 Type of exposure when FTM was pregnant

  None (base level)

1.400 (1.265, 1.535)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  Home visit only

1.607 (1.336, 1.878)

0.207 (-0.087, 0.501)

 

14.8%

 

0.207 (-0.087, 0.501)

 

  Group education only

3.115 (2.243, 3.986)

1.715 (0.836, 2.593)

***

122.5%

***

1.508 (0.597, 2.418)

***

  Both home visit and group education

1.963 (1.515, 2.412)

0.564 (0.101, 1.026)

*

40.3%

*

-1.151 (-2.129, -0.174)

*

 Number of prenatal home visits a

  None (base level)

1.558 (1.412, 1.704)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  1–2

1.638 (1.311, 1.964)

0.080 (-0.268, 0.427)

 

5.1%

 

0.080 (-0.268, 0.427)

 

  3 + 

1.809 (1.296, 2.323)

0.251 (-0.273, 0.775)

 

16.1%

 

0.172 (-0.432, 0.775)

 

 Total number of group education sessions (prenatal and postnatal) b

  None (base level)

1.441 (1.307, 1.576)

-

 

-

 

-

 

  1–2

2.662 (2.060, 3.263)

1.221 (0.613, 1.828)

***

84.7%

***

1.221 (0.613, 1.828)

***

  3 + 

2.035 (1.159, 2.910)

0.593 (0.291, 1.478)

 

41.2%

 

-0.627 (-1.683, 0.429)

 
  1. Data pertain to male partners with live-born babies. The analysis controls for the following characteristics: single years of age, household wealth, male partner’s years of schooling, marital status, both parents with secondary/higher education, always lived in locality of residence, employed in the past 12 months, weekly exposure to television, first-time father, relationship satisfaction, perceived power in the relationship, residence with biological father while growing up, and high father involvement while growing up. N = 1,203 for all models. Parenthesis = 95% CI. Based on multivalued treatment effects models with inverse-probability-weighting
  2. a Controls for participation in Momentum group education (Program P) sessions while the FTM (i.e., the female partner) was pregnant. Data were not collected on the number of group education sessions the male partner attended while the FTM was pregnant, but on the total number of sessions attended
  3. b Controls for the exposure to any home visits during the life of the project
  4. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05
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BMC Women's Health

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