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Table 2 Number of women in each category (N) and proportion within each category exposed to Intimate Partner Violence (percentage of N), in terms of empowerment variables (including exposure to media)

From: Do electronic and economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence (IPV) in India?

 

N

Emotional violence

Physical violence

Sexual violence

Read newspaper/magazine

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Not at all

43,879

6279 (14.3%)

14,199 (32.4%)

3329 (7.6%)

Less than once a week

8663

928 (10.7%)

2062 (23.8%)

442 (5.1%)

At least once a week

6522

626 (9.6%)

1324 (20.3%)

329 (5.0%)

Almost every day

6049

539 (7.8%)

1095 (15.8%)

272 (3.9%)

Listening to radio

 

P = 0.169

P < 0.001

P = 0.026

Not at all

56,326

7131 (12.7%)

16,089 (28.6%)

3680 (6.5%)

Less than once a week

3546

488 (13.8%)

1076 (30.3%)

259 (7.3%)

At least once a week

3565

430 (12.1%)

892 (25.0%)

232 (6.5%)

Almost every day

2576

323 (12.5%)

623 (24.2%)

201 (7.8%)

Watching TV

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Not at all

16,820

2584 (15.4%)

5864 (34.9%)

1461 (8.7%)

Less than once a week

5067

755 (14.9%)

1780 (35.1%)

409 (8.1%)

At least once a week

7399

974 (13.2%)

2156 (29.1%)

534 (7.2%)

Almost every day

36,727

4059 (11.1%)

8880 (24.2%)

1968 (5.4%)

Go to cinema/theatre at least once a month

 

P = 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.004

No

62,142

7945 (12.8%)

17,852 (28.7%)

4159 (6.7%)

Yes

3871

427 (11%)

828 (21.4%)

213 (5.5%)

Currently working

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

No

49,335

5509 (11.2%)

12,709 (25.8%)

2858 (5.8%)

Yes

16,658

2863 (17.2%)

5971 (35.8%)

1514 (9.1%)

Bank account operated by the respondent

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

No

30,272

4081(13.5%)

9218 (30.5%)

2311 (7.6%)

Yes

35,741

4291 (12.0%)

9462 (26.5%)

2061 (5.8%)

Knowledge of business loans for women

 

P = 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.576

No

40,187

4960 (12.3%)

10,973 (27.3%)

2679 (6.7%)

Yes

25,826

3412 (13.2%)

7707 (29.8%)

1693 (6.6%)

Recipient of startup/expansion business loan

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

No

20,955

2558 (12.2%)

5830 (27.8%)

1244 (5.9%)

Yes

4871

854 (17.5%)

1877 (38.5%)

449 (9.2%)

Respondent use mobile phone

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

No

32,844

4772 (14.5%)

11,103 (33.8%)

3563 (7.8%)

Yes

33,169

3600 (10.9%)

7577 (22.8%)

1809 (5.5%)

Able to use SMS

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

No

11,021

1731 (15.7%)

3547 (32.2%)

877 (8.0%)

yes

20,823

1676 (8.0%)

3630 (17.4%)

831 (4.0%)

  1. \(\chi^{2}\) significance level