Skip to main content

Table 3 Adjusted odds ratio (OR) of each category for exposure to intimate partner violence, and confidence intervals (CIs) of OR, in terms of socio-demographic and empowerment variables

From: Do electronic and economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence (IPV) in India?

 

Emotional violence

Physical violence

Sexual violence

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Age

         

15–19

0.625

0.361

1.082

0.548

0.369

0.815*

1.312

0.712

2.420

20–24

0.783

0.610

1.006

0.836

0.694

1.007

1.079

0.77

1.513

25–29

0.861

0.698

1.062

0.853

0.727

1.002

1.052

0.787

1.406

30–34

0.867

0.709

1.060

1.013

0.869

1.181

1.025

0.776

1.355

35–39

0.899

0.732

1.102

0.943

0.806

1.104

0.930

0.697

1.239

40–44

1.032

0.830

1.283

0.995

0.839

1.180

0.926

0.676

1.267

45–49

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Residence

         

Urban

1.400

1.231

1.593***

1.350

1.226

1.487***

1.295

1.083

1.548*

Rural

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Religion

         

Hindu

0.924

0.767

1.113

0.910

0.793

1.045

0.719

0.564

0.917*

Muslim

1.020

0.792

1.315

0.818

0.676

0.991

0.735

0.522

1.034

Others

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Caste

         

Schedule caste

1.521

1.269

1.822***

1.502

1.314

1.717***

1.185

0.932

1.505

Schedule tribe

1.051

0.850

1.300

0.821

0.701

0.962*

0.778

0.587

1.031

OBC

1.355

1.167

1.573***

1.386

1.245

1.543***

0.937

0.766

1.147

Others

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Education

         

No-education

1.552

1.183

2.038***

1.776

1.450

2.175***

2.785

1.883

4.121***

Primary

1.591

1.212

2.089***

1.728

1.411

2.117***

2.131

1.429

3.179***

Secondary

1.329

1.097

1.609*

1.434

1.251

1.644***

1.869

1.395

2.504***

Higher

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Economic status

       

Poorest

2.562

1.924

3.413***

3.394

2.737

4.207***

3.605

2.469

5.263***

Poorer

2.666

2.125

3.345***

2.561

2.163

3.033***

2.610

1.898

3.590***

Middle

1.994

1.642

2.422***

1.873

1.626

2.158***

2.062

1.562

2.722***

Richer

1.518

1.278

1.802***

1.549

1.370

1.751***

1.646

1.282

2.114***

Richest

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Read newspaper/magazine

       

Not at all

0.898

0.741

1.089

1.141

0.989

1.317

0.723

0.553

0.945

< Once a week

0.951

0.779

1.160

1.288

1.113

1.491***

0.719

0.542

0.953

Once a week

0.973

0.793

1.192

1.198

1.032

1.392

0.866

0.653

1.148

Almost daily

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Listening to radio

       

Not at all

0.996

0.775

1.279

0.895

0.745

1.076

0.564

0.421

0.754

< Once a week

1.103

0.794

1.533

1.189

0.935

1.511

0.675

0.448

1.017

Once a week

0.968

0.692

1.353

0.990

0.775

1.264

0.707

0.472

1.058

Almost daily

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Watching TV

       

Not at all

1.018

0.838

1.237

1.031

0.886

1.199

1.086

0.839

1.404

< Once a week

0.873

0.671

1.137

1.041

0.858

1.262

1.026

0.733

1.436

Once a week

0.944

0.776

1.149

0.937

0.809

1.085

1.176

0.914

1.515

Almost daily

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Go to cinema at least once a month

      

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

1.135

0.931

1.384

1.167

1.007

1.351*

1.024

0.769

1.363

Currently working

       

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

1.420

1.260

1.601***

1.443

1.316

1.582***

1.470

1.248

1.732***

Bank account operated by the respondent

     

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

1.074

0.940

1.228

0.977

0.885

1.077

0.927

0.777

1.104

Knowledge of business loans for women

      

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

1.370

1.201

1.562

1.626

1.524

1.736***

1.609

1.437

1.801***

Taken startup/expansion business loan

      

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

1.370

1.201

1.562

1.322

1.193

1.465***

1.349

1.127

1.615***

Respondent use mobile phone

      

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

0.716

0.684

0.750***

0.580

0.560

0.600***

0.682

0.640

0.725***

Able to use SMS

        

No

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Yes

0.661

0.570

0.767

0.669

0.598

0.748***

0.737

0.600

0.906*

  1. ***P < 0.001; *P < 0.05
Back to article page

BMC Women's Health

ISSN: 1472-6874

Contact us