The association of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) with the odds of diabetic nephropathy and metabolic markers in women: a case–control study

Mirzababaei, Atieh; Abaj, Faezeh; Hajishizari, Sara; Bahrampour, Niki; Noori, Sahar; Barekzai, Ahmad Mujtaba; Hosseininasab, Dorsa; Clark, Cain C. T.; Mirzaei, Khadijeh

doi:10.1186/s12905-022-02140-y

Table 5 Association between DASH-style diet and biochemical markers of participants

From: The association of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) with the odds of diabetic nephropathy and metabolic markers in women: a case–control study

Variables	DASH score			Vegetables			Fruits			Nuts and Legumes			Low fat dairy
Variables	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
FBS
Crude	− 7.92	− 29.67 to 13.82	0.47	− 10.68	− 31.13 to 9.95	0.30	− 6.67	− 27.67 to 14.31	0.53	− 12.73	− 37.89 to 12.42	0.31	− 5.31	− 26.03 to 15.39	0.61
Model 1	− 3.82	− 25.08 to 17.43	0.72	− 11.53	− 31.32 to 8.24	0.25	− 7.28	− 27.51 to 12.93	0.47	− 14.84	− 38.96 to 9.28	0.22	− 8.22	− 28.25 to 11.80	0.41
Model 2	0.54	− 19.82 to 20.92	0.95	− 9.52	− 28.49 to 9.43	0.32	− 5.98	− 25.78 to 13.82	0.55	− 17.21	− 40.84 to 6.43	0.15	− 1.83	− 22.84 to 19.17	0.86
TG
Crude	8.07	− 19.79 to 35.94	0.56	− 1.78	− 28.69 to 25.12	0.89	8.71	− 18.53 to 35.95	0.52	8.82	− 23.33 to 40.98	0.58	− 17.13	− 43.83 to 9.57	0.20
Model 1	7.82	− 20.28 to 35.94	0.58	− 1.81	− 28.61 to 24.99	0.89	9.47	− 17.74 to 36.69	0.49	11.28	− 20.97 to 43.53	0.48	− 15.54	− 42.40 to 11.32	0.25
Model 2	9.18	− 20.54 to 38.91	0.54	− 1.16	− 29.01 to 26.66	0.93	11.06	− 17.04 to 39.16	0.43	8.19	− 25.32 to 41.72	0.62	− 15.11	− 44.80 to 14.58	0.31
HDL
Crude	− 1.06	− 4.86 to 2.74	0.58	0.09	− 3.69 to 3.89	0.96	− 0.50	− 4.35 to 3.34	0.79	2.32	− 2.18 to 6.84	0.30	− 1.34	− 5.12 to 2.44	0.48
Model 1	− 1.05	− 4.94 to 2.84	0.59	0.05	− 3.79 to 3.90	0.97	− 0.62	− 4.54 to 3.28	0.75	2.08	− 2.50 to 6.68	0.36	− 1.48	− 5.36 to 2.38	0.44
Model 2	− 0.49	− 4.18 to 3.19	0.79	0.20	− 3.48 to 3.89	0.91	− 0.53	− 4.27 to 3.19	0.77	2.72	− 1.56 to 7.01	0.21	− 0.34	− 4.29 to 3.61	0.86
LDL
Crude	− 5.07	− 18.47 to 8.32	0.45	− 7.22	− 20.16 to 5.71	0.27	− 6.009	− 19.16 to 7.14	0.36	4.31	− 11.29 to 19.93	0.58	− 7.77	− 20.70 to − 5.15	0.23
Model 1	− 5.14	− 18.86 to 8.57	0.45	− 7.39	− 20.51 to 5.72	0.26	− 5.50	− 18.89 to 7.88	0.41	4.42	− 11.45 to 20.30	0.58	− 7.61	− 20.84 to − 5.61	0.25
Model 2	− 5.41	− 18.69 to 7.87	0.42	0.28	− 19.83 to 5.81	0.28	− 4.54	− 17.65 to 8.56	0.49	6.47	− 8.88 to 21.83	0.40	− 16.28	− 29.7 to − 2.77	0.01
Total cholesterol
Crude	− 4.37	− 20.48 to 11.72	0.59	− 6.65	− 22.23 to 8.90	0.39	− 10.31	− 26.03 to 5.39	0.19	6.04	− 12.53 to 24.63	0.52	− 3.82	− 19.42 to 11.77	0.62
Model 1	− 4.12	− 20.60 to 12.36	0.62	− 6.42	− 22.29 to 9.36	0.42	− 10.27	− 26.30 to 5.76	0.20	6.64	− 12.29 to 25.58	0.48	− 4.04	− 20.04 to 11.59	0.61
Model 2	− 6.58	− 22.49 to 9.32	0.41	− 7.74	− 23.07 to 7.57	0.31	− 10.13	− 25.85 to 5.59	0.20	7.78	− 10.69 to 26.17	0.40	− 11.54	− 28.17 to 5.07	0.17
HbA1C
Crude	− 0.41	− 1.002 − .18	0.17	− 0.54	− 1.11 to 0.02	0.06	− 0.18	− 0.77 to 0.39	0.52	− 0.20	− 0.90 to 0.50	0.57	− 0.20	− 0.77 to 0.37	0.49
Model 1	− 0.30	− 0.89 to 0.27	0.29	− 0.56	− 1.11 to − 0.02	0.04	− 0.19	− 0.75 to 0.36	0.49	− 0.25	− 0.92 to 0.41	0.44	− 0.29	− 0.84 to 0.26	0.30
Model 2	− 0.31	− 0.90 to 0.27	0.28	− 0.55	− 1.09 to − 0.004	0.04	− 0.18	− 0.75 to 0.37	0.51	− 0.20	− 0.88 to 0.48	0.55	− 0.32	− 0.92 to 0.27	0.28
Creatinine
Crude	− 0.08	− 0.14 to 0.01	0.02	− 0.02	− 0.08 to 0.04	0.51	− 0.06	− 0.12 to 0.004	0.06	− 0.03	− 0.11 to 0.04	0.43	− 0.01	− 0.08 to 0.05	0.63
Model 1	− 0.07	− 0.14 to − 0.007	0.03	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.04	0.50	− 0.06	− 0.13 to 0.005	0.06	− 0.03	− 0.11 to 0.04	0.40	− 0.01	− 0.08 to 0.05	0.59
Model 2	− 0.08	− 0.15 to − 0.01	0.01	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.04	0.45	− 0.06	− 0.13 to − 0.001	0.04	− 0.03	− 0.12 to 0.04	0.37	− 0.04	− 0.11 to 0.02	0.17
BUN
Crude	0.08	− 1.88 to 2.05	0.93	− 0.95	− 2.80 to 0.90	0.31	− 0.52	− 2.41 to 1.35	0.57	− 0.91	− 3.16 to 1.34	0.42	1.28	− 0.55 to 3.13	0.17
Model 1	0.20	− 1.81 to 2.22	0.83	− 0.97	− 2.85 to 0.91	0.30	− 0.56	− 2.49 to 1.36	0.56	− 0.93	− 3.23 to 1.37	0.42	1.29	− 0.60 to 3.19	0.17
Model 2	− 0.11	− 2.08 to 1.85	0.91	− 1.06	− 2.89 to 0.75	0.24	− 0.69	− 2.55 to 1.16	0.45	− 0.66	− 2.88 to 1.55	0.55	0.60	− 1.36 to 2.57	0.54
ACR
Crude	− 22.07	− 69.57 to 25.43	0.35	− 45.05	− 90.95 to 0.84	0.05	− 39.54	− 86.32 to 7.23	0.09	− 76.73	− 130.05 to − 23.42	0.005	20.57	− 25.99 to 67.13	0.38
Model 1	− 20.15	− 68.21 to 27.89	0.40	− 44.99	− 90.82 to 0.84	0.05	− 37.41	− 84.37 to 9.54	0.11	− 78.54	− 131.84 to − 25.24	0.004	14.27	− 32.76 to 61.31	0.54
Model 2	− 29.28	− 77.9 to 19.33	0.23	− 43.44	− 89.02 to 2.13	0.06	− 37.66	− 84.55 to 9.23	0.11	− 83.61	− 136.91 to − 30.31	0.002	5.30	− 45.01 to 55.63	0.83
Hb
Crude	0.67	0.10 to 1.24	0.02	0.02	− 0.53 to 0.58	0.92	0.06	− 0.49 to 0.63	0.81	0.53	− 0.12 to 1.19	0.11	0.47	− 0.07 to 1.02	0.09
Model 1	0.65	0.07 to 1.23	0.02	0.03	− 0.53 to 0.59	0.90	0.09	− 0.47 to 0.66	0.74	0.53	− 0.13 to 1.20	0.11	0.46	− 0.09 to 1.02	0.10
Model 2	0.61	0.02 to 1.19	0.04	0.03	− 0.52 to 0.59	0.90	0.09	− 0.47 to 0.67	0.73	0.56	− 0.11 to 1.23	0.10	0.41	− 0.18 to 1.01	0.17
Postprandial BS
Crude	− 9.83	− 32.77 to 13.10	0.39	− 18.43	− 39.94 to 3.07	0.09	− 4.37	− 26.48 to 17.73	0.69	− 12.50	− 38.88 to 13.87	0.34	− 12.22	− 33.89 to 9.45	0.26
Model 1	− 6.52	− 29.15 to 16.11	0.56	− 19.03	− 39.95 to 1.89	0.07	− 4.43	− 26.06 to 17.19	0.68	− 13.46	− 39.18 to 12.25	0.30	− 14.93	− 36.18 to 6.31	0.16
Model 2	− 2.68	− 24.44 to 19.07	0.80	− 16.51	− 36.37 to 3.34	0.10	− 3.06	− 23.64 to 17.50	0.76	− 13.25	− 37.87 to 11.37	0.28	− 6.41	− 28.17 to 15.33	0.55
Alb
Crude	− 2.48	− 7.63 to 2.69	0.34	− 0.14	− 5.03 to 4.74	0.95	− 3.28	− 8.20 to 1.63	0.18	− 7.04	− 12.82 to − 1.27	0.01	− 0.01	− 4.90 to 4.87	0.99
Model 1	− 1.93	− 7.12 to 3.26	0.46	− 0.20	− 5.08 to 4.67	0.93	− 3.26	− 8.18 to 1.66	0.19	− 7.75	− 13.31 to − 1.82	0.01	− 0.67	− 5.59 to 4.24	0.78
Model 2	− 2.38	− 7.50 to 2.82	0.37	0.24	− 4.55 to 5.04	0.92	− 3.08	− 7.90 to 1.74	0.20	− 7.16	− 12.80 to − 1.52	0.01	− 349	− 8.59 to 1.61	0.17
SBP
Crude	− 4.97	− 12.38 to 2.44	0.18	− 9.09	− 15.94 to − 2.25	0.01	− .96	− 8.13 to 6.21	0.79	0.057	− 8.004 to 9.15	0.89	− 0.05	− 7.12 to 7.02	0.98
Model 1	− 4.59	− 11.94 to 2.57	0.21	− 9.22	− 15.95 to − 2.49	0.008	− 1.80	− 8.90 to 5.28	0.61	− 0.07	− 8.54 to 8.39	0.98	0.22	− 6.81 to 7.26	0.94
Model 2	− 5.72	− 13.231.78	0.13	− 9.87	− 16.62 to − 3.12	0.005	− 1.75	− 8.89 to 5.37	0.62	− 1.63	− 4.95 to 8.19	0.70	− 1.34	− 8.90 to 6.22	0.7
DBP
Crude	− 6.50	− 11.91 to − 1.08	0.01	− 4.17	− 9.47 to 1.12	0.12	− 0.74	− 6.18 to 4.68	0.78	3.06	− 3.39 to 9.51	0.34	− 6.41	− 11.63 to − 1.20	0.01
Model 1	− 6.72	− 12.17 to − 1.26	0.01	− 4.14	− 9.44 to 1.14	0.12	− 1.008	− 6.42 to 4.44	0.71	2.92	− 3.50 to 9.39	0.37	− 6.25	− 11.51 to − 0.99	0.02
Model 2	− 7.40	− 12.97 to − 1.83	0.01	− 4.74	− 10.12 to 0.64	0.08	− 1.005	− 6.56 to 4.55	0.72	1.61	− 4.95 to 8.19	0.62	− 7.53	− 13.21 to − 1.86	0.01

Variables	Whole grain			Sodium			Red meat			Sweetened beverages
Variables	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
FBS
Crude	4.81	− 16.04 to 25.67	0.64	18.21	− 6.60 to 43.03	0.14	13.79	− 34.13 to 6.54	0.18	2.89	− 22.72 to 16.93	0.77
Model 1	− 0.92	− 21.23 to 19.38	0.92	14.73	− 9.35 to 38.82	0.22	5.82	− 26.79 to 15.14	0.58	3.85	− 15.54 to 23.25	0.69
Model 2	3.26	− 16.94 to 23.47	0.74	16.79	− 8.83 to 42.43	0.19	1.02	− 22.82 to 20.77	0.92	3.41	− 15.80 to 22.63	0.72
TG
Crude	− 15.94	− 42.86 to 10.97	0.24	2.85	− 35.37 to 29.67	0.86	− 2.33	− 29.08 to 24.41	0.86	7.82	− 17.88 to 33.52	0.54
Model 1	− 14.44	− 41.66 to 12.70	0.29	1.18	− 31.47 to 33.83	0.94	3.15	− 24.96 to 31.28	0.82	5.72	− 20.38 to 31.82	0.66
Model 2	− 13.17	− 41.77 to 15.42	0.36	1.20	− 33.58 to 35.99	0.94	5.11	− 25.99 to 36.22	0.74	4.93	− 22.37 to 32.24	0.72
HDL
Crude	0.95	− 2.85 to 4.77	0.62	− 2.22	− 6.78 to 2.34	0.33	− 1.05	− 5.15 to 2.14	0.41	0.76	− 2.86 to 4.39	0.67
Model 1	0.73	− 3.18 to 4.65	0.71	− 2.63	− 7.29 to 2.02	0.26	− 2.08	− 5.99 to 1.82	0.29	1.11	− 2.63 to 4.86	0.55
Model 2	1.30	− 2.49 to 5.09	0.49	− 3.42	− 7.98 to 1.12	0.13	− 0.22	− 4.20 to 3.75	0.91	0.88	− 2.73 to 4.50	0.62
LDL
Crude	− 4.24	− 17.32 to 8.83	0.52	9.76	− 25.38 to 5.58	0.21	2.26	− 10.55 to 15.08	0.72	2.06	− 14.51 to 10.38	0.74
Model 1	− 3.56	− 17.00 to 9.87	0.60	9.62	− 25.59 to 6.33	0.23	3.56	− 10.16 to 17.30	0.60	2.86	− 15.71 to 9.99	0.66
Model 2	− 5.64	− 18.98 to 7.69	0.40	13.76	− 29.96 to 2.44	0.09	0.57	− 13.65 to 14.80	0.93	− 0.48	− 13.21 to 12.25	0.94
Total cholesterol
Crude	− 3.70	− 19.40 to 12.00	0.64	10.25	− 29.02 to 8.51	0.28	10.09	− 5.30 to 25.48	0.19	2.90	− 17.83 to 12.02	0.70
Model 1	− 3.93	− 20.11 to 12.24	0.63	9.60	− 28.85 to 9.65	0.32	12.82	− 3.61 to 29.27	0.12	3.14	− 18.61 to 12.32	0.68
Model 2	− 8.44	− 24.51 to 7.62	0.29	6.57	− 26.22 to 13.57	0.50	6.36	− 10.95 to 23.67	0.46	2.28	− 17.65 to 13.08	0.76
HbA1C
Crude	0.36	− 0.21 to 0.93	0.21	0.11	− 0.58 to 0.81	0.73	− 0.45	− 1.01 to 0.10	0.10	− 0.14	− 0.69 to 0.41	0.61
Model 1	0.20	− 0.35 to 0.76	0.47	0.01	− 0.66 to 0.68	0.96	− 0.24	− 0.82 to 0.33	0.40	0.04	− 0.49 to 0.58	0.86
Model 2	0.20	− 0.37 to 0.78	0.49	0.05	− 0.66 to 0.76	0.88	− 0.22	− 0.84 to 0.40	0.48	− 0.01	− 0.57 to 0.53	0.94
Creatinine
Crude	− 0.056	− 0.12 − 0.01	0.09	− 0.01	− 0.09 to 0.06	0.64	0.05	− 0.11 to 0.01	0.12	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.03	0.36
Model 1	− 0.06	− 0.13 − 0.006	0.07	− 0.02	− 0.10 to 0.05	0.55	0.05	− 0.12 to 0.02	0.16	− 0.02	− 0.09 to 0.04	0.45
Model 2	− 0.07	− 0.14 − 0.01	0.02	− 0.01	− 0.09 to 0.07	0.81	0.096	− 0.16 to 0.02	0.009	− 0.02	− 0.08 to 0.04	0.51
BUN
Crude	0.73	− 1.13 to 2.60	0.43	− 1.79	− 4.02 to 0.42	0.11	0.99	− 0.85 to 2.84	0.29	0.14	− 1.63 to 1.92	0.87
Model 1	0.66	− 1.27 to 2.58	0.49	− 1.85	− 4.13 to 0.42	0.10	1.41	− 0.56 to 3.38	0.16	0.26	− 1.58 to 2.11	0.77
Model 2	0.16	− 1.74 to 2.06	0.86	− 1.51	− 3.80 to 0.76	0.19	0.63	− 1.41 to 2.68	0.53	0.26	− 1.53 to 2.07	0.76
ACR
Crude	51.91	5.95 to 97.86	0.30	15.66	− 72.07 to 40.57	0.58	− 16.41	− 62.41 to 29.59	0.48	21.57	− 22.94 to 66.08	0.33
Model 1	46.38	− 0.34 to 93.11	0.20	− 19.58	− 76.36 to 37.18	0.49	− 12.14	− 60.83 to 36.54	0.62	29.97	− 15.17 to 75.11	0.19
Model 2	38.55	− 9.22 to 86.32	0.11	− 6.08	− 64.52 to 52.53	0.83	− 38.04	− 89.28 to 13.19	0.14	29.93	− 15.72 to 75.58	0.19
Hb
Crude	0.44	− 0.11 to 1.002	0.11	− 0.05	− 0.73 to 0.62	0.87	0.96	0.44 to 1.49	0.40	− 0.18	− 0.17 to 0.35	0.49
Model 1	0.48	− 0.08 to 1.54	0.09	− 0.07	− 0.75 to 0.61	0.83	0.97	0.41 to 1.53	0.58	− 0.21	− 0.76 to 0.33	0.44
Model 2	0.40	− 0.17 to 0.98	0.16	0.002	− 0.70 to 0.71	0.99	0.91	0.31 to 1.52	0.60	− 0.20	− 0.76 to 0.34	0.46
Postprandial BS
Crude	14.85	− 6.90 to 36.62	0.17	17.66	− 8.47 to 43.79	0.18	19.07	− 40.48 to 2.34	0.08	3.03	− 23.85 to 17.85	0.77
Model 1	10.35	− 11.24 to 31.94	0.34	15.86	− 9.85 to 41.58	0.22	11.46	− 33.82 to 10.88	0.31	2.41	− 18.31 to 23.14	0.81
Model 2	16.23	− 4.46 to 36.93	0.12	16.21	− 10.63 to 43.06	0.23	1.50	− 24.25 to 21.24	0.89	0.34	− 20.28 to 19.60	0.97
Alb
Crude	− 6.85	2.11 to 11.59	0.005	− 1.66	− 7.57 to 4.23	0.57	− 0.32	− 5.21 to 4.57	0.89	− 2.18	− 6.84 to 2.47	0.35
Model 1	− 6.22	1.40 to 11.04	0.01	− 2.49	− 8.42 to 3.42	0.40	− 0.39	− 4.74 to 5.54	0.87	− 1.29	− 6.4 to 3.45	0.59
Model 2	− 5.66	0.84 to 10.48	0.02	− 2.56	− 8.56 to 3.43	0.39	− 1.73	− 7.10 to 3.63	0.52	− 0.70	− 5.41 to 4.01	0.76
SBP
Crude	3.74	− 3.34 to 10.82	0.29	3.01	− 11.54 to 5.51	0.48	2.13	− 4.93 to 9.19	0.55	0.88	− 5.88 to 7.64	0.79
Model 1	3.62	− 3.45 to 10.70	0.31	3.93	− 12.40 to 4.53	0.35	1.29	− 6.05 to 8.65	0.72	1.27	− 5.52 to 8.07	0.71
Model 2	3.02	− 4.23 to 10.27	0.41	3.39	− 12.18 to 5.39	0.44	1.34	− 9.24 to 6.55	0.73	1.55	− 5.36 to 8.47	0.65
DBP
Crude	− 6.47	− 11.72 to − 1.22	0.01	6.58	− 13.19 to − 0.51	0.03	0.78	− 6.07 to 4.50	0.76	2.62	− 7.72 to 2.48	0.31
Model 1	− 6.21	− 11.53 to − 0.88	0.02	7.10	− 13.48 to − 0.72	0.02	2.23	− 7.80 to 3.34	0.42	3.20	− 8.39 to 1.98	0.22
Model 2	− 6.92	− 12.40 to − 1.44	0.01	6.81	− 13.52 to − 0.10	0.04	4.07	− 10.10 to 1.95	0.18	3.42	− 8.76 to 1.92	0.20

Obtained from General Linear Model (GLM). Significant items with a P value ≤ 0.05 are bolded
Model 1: Adjusted for energy intake, age, physical activity, body mass index
Model 2: model 1 + diabetes duration, cardiovascular diseases history, and drug usage (angiotensin receptor blockers; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, metformin, sulphonyl urea, and insulin)
CI Confidence interval, Cr Creatinine, DASH Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, SBP Systolic blood pressure, FBS Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c Glycosylated hemoglobin, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, Alb Albumin, BS Blood sugar, ACR Albumin creatinine ratio, BUN Blood urea nitrogen

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