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Table 2 Awareness of warning signs/symptoms and risk factors of cervical cancer

From: Awareness of cervical cancer and its associated socio-demographic factors among Yemeni immigrant women in Malaysia

Signs and symptoms

Recall

Recognition

n

(%)

n

(%)

Vaginal bleeding between periods

72

(19.5)

185

(50.0)

Persistent lower back pain

20

(5.4)

88

(23.8)

Persistent vaginal discharge

28

(7.6)

147

(39.7)

Discomfort or pain during sex

8

(2.2)

116

(31.4)

Menstrual periods heavier or longer than usual

63

(17.0)

126

(34.1)

Persistent diarrhoea

1

(0.3)

54

(14.6)

Vaginal bleeding after the menopause

16

(4.3)

204

(55.1)

Persistent pelvic pain

9

(2.4)

133

(35.9)

Vaginal bleeding during or after sex

7

(1.9)

59

(15.9)

Blood in the stool or urine

5

(1.4)

105

(28.4)

Unexplained weight loss

2

(0.5)

112

(30.3)

Risk factors

HPV infection

2

(0.5)

164

(44.3)

Smoking

37

(10.0)

212

(57.3)

Weakened immune system

19

(5.1)

245

(66.2)

Use of contraceptives

31

(8.4)

196

(53.0)

Infected with chlamydia

0

(0.0)

150

(40.5)

A sexual partner who is not circumcised

0

(0.0)

94

(25.4)

Starting sex at a young age

6

(1.6)

93

(25.1)

Many sexual partners

5

(1.4)

196

(53.0)

Having many children

8

(2.2)

82

(22.2)

A sexual partner with many previous partners

2

(0.5)

179

(48.4)

Not going for a regular pap smear

23

(6.2)

243

(65.7)