Table 2 Association between exposure to interparental violence and intimate partner violence among women in Papua New Guinea
From: Exposure to interparental violence and intimate partner violence among women in Papua New Guinea
Variable | Model O | Model I cOR [95% CI] | Model II aOR [95% CI] | Model III aOR [95% CI] | Model IV aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects results | |||||
Exposed to interparental violence | |||||
No | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | Â | 1.53** [1.17, 2.00] | 1.46** [1.13, 1.87] | 1.52** [1.16, 1.98] | 1.45** [1.13, 1.86] |
Women’s age (years) | |||||
15–24 |  |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
22–34 |  |  | 1.12 [0.67, 1.88] |  | 1.14 [0.68, 1.89] |
35–49 |  |  | 0.69 [0.39, 1.24] |  | 0.69 [0.39, 1.23] |
Women’s educational level | |||||
No education | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 |
Primary | Â | Â | 1.28 [0.79, 2.09] | Â | 1.32 [0.79, 2.22] |
Secondary or higher | Â | Â | 1.25 [0.48, 3.23] | Â | 1.29 [0.47, 3.53] |
Marital status | |||||
Married | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 |
Cohabiting | Â | Â | 1.06 [0.81, 1.41] | Â | 1.05 [0.79, 1.40] |
Current working status | |||||
No | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 |
Yes | Â | Â | 1.17 [0.91, 1.49] | Â | 1.18 [0.92, 1.51] |
Parity | |||||
Zero birth | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 |
1 birth | Â | Â | 1.01 [0.61, 1.68] | Â | 1.02 [0.62, 1.71] |
2 births | Â | Â | 0.60 [0.30, 1.21] | Â | 0.61 [0.31, 1.23] |
3 births | Â | Â | 0.73 [0.43, 1.24] | Â | 0.74 [0.44, 1.25] |
4 or more births | Â | Â | 0.77 [0.49, 1.21] | Â | 0.80 [0.51, 1.25] |
Exposure to mass media | |||||
None | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 |
One | Â | Â | 1.12 [0.80, 1.57] | Â | 1.07 [0.77, 1.50] |
Two or more | Â | Â | 1.38 [0.93, 2.05] | Â | 1.28 [0.87, 1.88] |
Wealth index | |||||
Poorest | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 |
Poorer | Â | Â | 0.97 [0.67, 1.40] | Â | 0.95 [0.66, 1.38] |
Middle | Â | Â | 1.09 [0.74, 1.61] | Â | 1.06 [0.72, 1.56] |
Richer | Â | Â | 1.01 [0.67, 1.54] | Â | 0.90 [0.57, 1.41] |
Richest | Â | Â | 0.94 [0.55, 1.60] | Â | 0.68 [0.37, 1.25] |
Place of residence | |||||
Urban | Â | Â | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | Â | Â | Â | 0.56** [0.40, 0.78] | 0.50** [0.32, 0.80] |
Region | |||||
Southern Region | Â | Â | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Highlands Region | Â | Â | Â | 1.37* [1.02, 1.83] | 1.44* [1.06, 1.96] |
Momase Region | Â | Â | Â | 1.15 [0.85, 1.56] | 1.18 [0.86, 1.61] |
Islands Region | Â | Â | Â | 1.03 [0.76, 1.38] | 1.03 [0.75, 1.40] |
Community literacy level | |||||
Low | Â | Â | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | Â | Â | Â | 1.22 [0.93, 1.60] | 1.10 [0.80, 1.51] |
High | Â | Â | Â | 1.14 [0.82, 1.61] | 1.02 [0.67, 1.56] |
Community socioeconomic status | |||||
Low | Â | Â | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | Â | Â | Â | 1.38 [0.86, 2.19] | 1.45 [0.90, 2.35] |
High | Â | Â | Â | 1.28 [1.00, 1.63] | 1.35 [0.99, 1.86] |
Random effects results | |||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.830 [0.609–1.130] | 0.806 [0.590–1.103] | 0.795 [0.558–1.132] | 0.752 [0.546, 1.035] | 0.777 [0.550–1.098] |
ICC | 0.201 | 0.197 | 0.194 | 0.186 | 0.191 |
Wald chi-square | Reference | 9.64 (0.002) | 39.27 (0.002) | 35.90 (< 0.001} | 57.42 (< 0.001) |
Model fitness | |||||
Log-likelihood | −2112.8019 | −2100.4571 | −2063.7284 | −2088.4683 | −2053.533 |
BIC | 4241.932 | 4225.406 | 4282.572 | 4266.74 | 4327.492 |
N | 3512 | 3512 | 3512 | 3512 | 3512 |
Number of clusters | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 |