Skip to main content

Table 3 Other musculoskeletal endometriosis

From: Endometriosis of the skeletal muscular system (ESMS): a systematic review

Location

Age (yr)

Symptoms

Catamenial or not

Imaging

Therapy

Follow-up (m)

Prognosis

Trapezius muscle [9]

27

Shoulder swelling

N

NR

Excision

2

C

Deltoid muscle [10, 11]

31 (23–39)

Shoulder mass with pain

N (1/2);

Y (1/2)

MRI (2/2)

PET (1/2)

Excision (1/2)

Dienogest + LNG-IUS (1/2)

46 (20–72)

C

Psoas major muscle and iliopsoas muscle [43,44,45,46,47]

37.6 (28–49)

Asymptomatic (1/5);

Dysmenorrhea with low back pain radiating to the limb(3/5)

N (1/5)

Y (4/5)

US (4/5)

CT (3/5)

MRI (3/5)

CTA (1/5)

PET (1/5)

Ureteroscopy (1/5)

Biopsy + GnRH-a (2/5) Excision + GnRH-a (3/5)

2–6

C (3/5)

P (2/5)

Piriformis muscle [48,49,50,51]

37 (29–45)

Pain in buttocks and thighs radiating to the feet

Y (5/5)

MRI (4/4)

US (1/4)

PET (1/4)

Neurophysiologycal study (1/4)

Excision (2/4)

Biopsy + hormone (2/4)

8.3 (6–12)

P (2/4)

C (2/4)

S (2/4)#

Internal obturator muscle [52, 53]

35.5 (32–37)

Periodic medial pain in the leg radiating to the knee

Y (2/2)

MRI (2/2)

CT (1/2)

Excision (2/2)

15 (6–24)

C (2/2)

Gluteus muscle [54,55,56,57,58,59]

34.1 (20–47)

Hip/lower back pain and lower limb numbness with limited movement

Y (3/6);

N (1/6);

NR (2/6)

MRI (5/6)

CT (4/6)

US (2/6)

PET (1/6)

Electromyography (1/6)

Excision + GnRH-a (4/6)

Excision (1/6)

GnRH-a (1/6)

18.3 (3–60)

C (2/6)

P (3/6)

NR (1/6)

S (2/6)&

Levator ani and coccygeus [60, 61]

34 (29–39)

Dysmenorrhea, difficulty in defecation and lumbago during menstruation, radiating to the lower limb

Y (2/2)

MRI (2/2)

US (1/2)

Colonoscopy (1/2)

Urodynamic test/cystoscopy (1/2)

Excision (2/2)

COC after surgery (1/2)

6

C (1/2)

P and S (1/2)*

Vastus lateralis muscle [62,63,64,65]

32.3 (24–49)

Lateral thigh mass with pain, menstrual aggravation

Y (3/4);

NR (1/4)

MRI (2/4)

US (1/4)

CT (1/4)

PET (1/4)

Excision (3/4)

Biopsy (1/4)

6

C (3/4)

NR (1/4)

Biceps femoris muscle [67, 68]

30 (25–35)

A painful mass in posterior femoral area

Y (2/2)

CT (1/2)

NR (1/2)

Excision (2/2)

7

C (2/2)

Thigh adductor muscle and gracilis [66]

45

Chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, deep pain in the thigh with difficulty in movement

Y

US /MRI/PET

Partial resection + bilateral oophorectomy

6

C

Soleus and gastrocnemius [69]

30

Dysmenorrhea, progressive swelling and pain in the calf

Y

US/MRI

Excision

4

R

  1. Y, yes; N, no; NR, not reported; US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; CTA, computed tomography angiography; GnRH-a, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; COC, combined oral contraceptives; LNG-IUS, levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system; C, complete remission; P, partial remission; R, relapse; S, sequela
  2. #minor motor deficits persisted [50]; &permanent muscular damage on her left buttock and functional impairment [57], climbing stairs and getting up from squatting were impaired [59]; * nerve injury [61]