Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
Variables | Control (n = 131) | Case (n = 131) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 56.47 ± 5.91 | 57.95 ± 5.42 | 0.03 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.13 ± 3.31 | 29.78 ± 3.99 | 0.15 |
BMD femoral | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
BMD lumbar | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
Income, average (%) | 53 (40.5) | 65 (49.6) | 0.08 |
Physical activity, low (%) | 109 (83.2) | 122 (93.1) | 0.01 |
Education level (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Under diploma | 65 (49.6) | 98 (74.8) | |
Diploma | 52 (39.7) | 25 (19.1) | |
Higher diploma | 14 910.7) | 8 (6.1) | |
Calcium Supplement, no (%) | 99 (75.6) | 99 (75.6) | 0.55 |
Vitamin D Supplement, no (%) | 55 (42.0) | 73 (55.7) | 0.01 |