Table 1 Reported cases of GTN with primary malignant tumors in other organs
Case | Year of publication | Nationality | First author | Age (years) | Clinical presentation | Menopause or not | Years after last pregnancy | Blood hCG (U/L) | GTN type | GTN site | Combined tumor(s) | Treatment | Outcome (as of follow- up) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1990 | USA | Stetler-Stevenson [1] | 32 | Vaginal bleeding | No | 1 | 5.8 | PSTT | Uterus | Left immature ovarian teratoma and breast carcinoma | ① The left salpingo-oophorectomy ② Total abdominal hysterectomy and right salpingo-oophorectomy ③ Bilateral mastectomies | – |
2 | 1997 | China | Liu [2] | 25 | A positive urine hCG test 40 days after curettage | No | – | – | Invasive hydatidiform mole | Uterus | Ovarian carcinosarcoma | ① Chemotherapy ② Hysterectomy, bilateral Salpingo oophorectomy, omentectomy and appendectomy | – |
3 | 2011 | Turkey | Kara [3] | 31 | Enlargement of axillary lymph nodes | No | 1.5 | – | ETT | Cervix | Breast cancer | ① Abdominal hysterectomy ② Pelvic radiation and chemotherapy ③ Mastectomy | – |
4 | 2011 | Korea | Kim [4] | 44 | Vaginal bleeding | – | – | 85,400 | – | Uterus | Thyroid carcinoma | ① Chemotherapy ② Thyroid Surgery 3 months later | – |
5 | 2015 | China | Wang [5] | 55 | A previous history of choriocarcinoma with lung metastasis was admitted to department of Thoracic Surgery | – | – | 16,500 | Choriocarcinoma | – | Lung squamous cell carcinoma | ① A right middlelobectomy with a partial resection of the superior lobe ② Chemotherapy | Survival, regular follow-up |
6 | 2021 | USA | Iyengar [6] | 50 | Heavy vaginal bleeding with the passage of clots | Indeterminacy | 14 | 3704 | Mixed GTNs (choriocarcinoma with minor components of PSTT and ETT) | Lung adenocarcinoma | ① Laparoscopic total abdominalhysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy(TAH-BSO) and excision of pelvic lymph nodes ② Combination chemotherapy ③ Right thoracoscopy and wedge resection of two segments within the right lower lobe, as well as a singular segment in the right upper lobe | At present, she remains free of both cancers 2 years after her initial diagnosis |