Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the abdominal and laparoscopic cohorts stratified by surgeon volume

Patients

4837

33.3

4913

33.8

4786

32.9

2642

32.4

2637

32.4

2869

35.2

Surgeons

361

44

22

212

33

18

Annualized hospital volume

2.0 (1.0–3.5)

10.8 (9.1–12.5)

30.9 (21.9–42.1)

2.3 (1.0–5.0)

13.5 (12.3–16.9)

27.8 (21.6–30.1)

Range

1.0

8.1

8.2

16.9

17.0

129.4

1.0

11.0

11.1

20.0

20.1

51.7

Age at surgery, years

 ≥ 60

444

9.2

515

10.5

798

16.7

 < 0.001

257

9.7

299

11.3

346

12.1

0.02

 < 60

4393

90.8

4398

89.5

3988

83.3

2385

90.3

2338

88.7

2523

87.9

Year of diagnosis

2004–2009

1736

35.9

1748

35.6

245

5.1

 < 0.001

149

5.6

46

1.7

59

2.1

 < 0.001

2010–2016

3101

64.1

3165

64.4

4541

94.9

2493

94.4

2591

98.3

2810

97.9

Urban‒rural distribution

Rural

2316

47.9

2988

60.8

3098

64.7

 < 0.001

1572

59.5

1450

55.0

1638

57.1

 < 0.001

Urban

1423

29.4

1539

31.3

1004

21.0

739

28.0

959

36.4

1055

36.8

Unknown

1098

22.7

386

7.9

684

14.3

331

12.5

228

8.6

176

6.1

Hospital function

General hospital

3451

71.3

2893

58.9

641

13.4

 < 0.001

1998

75.7

2097

79.5

1526

53.2

 < 0.001

Cancer centre

1088

22.5

1626

33.1

4145

86.6

450

17.0

386

14.6

1223

42.6

W&C centre

298

6.2

394

8.0

0

0.0

194

7.3

154

5.8

120

4.2

Region

North

724

15.0

1292

26.3

2784

58.2

 < 0.001

589

22.3

220

8.3

605

21.1

 < 0.001

South

1380

28.5

1095

22.3

531

11.1

688

26.1

427

16.2

120

4.2

Central

618

12.8

410

8.3

1169

24.4

350

13.2

700

26.5

231

8.1

East

1490

30.8

1013

20.6

302

6.3

752

28.5

396

15.0

0

0.0

Southwest

307

6.3

335

6.8

0

0.0

91

3.4

507

19.2

1808

63.0

Northwest

158

3.3

668

13.6

0

0.0

161

6.1

323

12.2

105

3.7

Northeast

160

3.3

100

2.0

0

0.0

11

0.4

64

2.4

0

0.0

City scale

First-tier

773

16.0

745

15.2

529

11.1

 < 0.001

560

21.2

299

11.3

0

0.0

 < 0.001

Second-tier

2458

50.8

2885

58.7

3986

83.3

1471

55.7

1916

72.7

2362

82.3

Third-tier

1606

33.2

1283

26.1

271

5.7

611

23.1

422

16.0

507

17.7

Mode of delivery

No delivery

49

1.0

57

1.2

22

0.5

 < 0.001

23

0.9

23

0.9

36

1.3

 < 0.001

Vaginal delivery

3684

76.2

4026

81.9

4059

84.8

2114

80.0

2157

81.8

2541

88.6

Caesarean delivery

253

5.2

291

5.9

221

4.6

194

7.3

243

9.2

261

9.1

Unknown

851

17.6

539

11.0

484

10.1

311

11.8

214

8.1

31

1.1

Comorbidity

No

4526

93.6

4592

93.5

4242

88.6

 < 0.001

2425

91.8

2436

92.4

2611

91.0

0.18

Yes

311

6.4

321

6.5

544

11.4

217

8.2

201

7.6

258

9.0

FIGO stage

IA1 + IA2

133

2.7

76

1.5

30

0.6

 < 0.001

70

2.7

49

1.9

45

1.6

 < 0.001

IB1

2288

47.3

2117

43.1

2282

47.7

1554

58.8

1323

50.2

1318

45.9

IB2

656

13.6

690

14.0

531

11.1

289

10.9

295

11.2

328

11.4

IIA1

679

14.0

680

13.8

1278

26.7

350

13.2

329

12.5

586

20.4

IIA2

297

6.1

324

6.6

478

10.0

123

4.7

176

6.7

270

9.4

IIB

784

16.2

1026

20.9

187

3.9

256

9.7

465

17.6

322

11.2

Gross type

Exophytic

2585

53.4

2854

58.1

2058

43.0

 < 0.001

1287

48.7

1357

51.5

1540

53.7

 < 0.001

Endophytic

276

5.7

316

6.4

1528

31.9

128

4.8

73

2.8

185

6.4

Ulcerated

900

18.6

790

16.1

550

11.5

461

17.4

467

17.7

699

24.4

Endocervical

105

2.2

64

1.3

29

0.6

45

1.7

39

1.5

44

1.5

After conization

132

2.7

106

2.2

74

1.5

80

3.0

97

3.7

102

3.6

Preclinical carcinoma

342

7.1

414

8.4

178

3.7

298

11.3

256

9.7

140

4.9

Unknown

497

10.3

369

7.5

369

7.7

343

13.0

348

13.2

159

5.5

Histological types

Squamous cell

4178

86.4

4326

88.1

4301

89.9

 < 0.001

2252

85.2

2223

84.3

2481

86.5

0.008

Adenocarcinoma

450

9.3

397

8.1

294

6.1

262

9.9

293

11.1

272

9.5

Adenosquamous

113

2.3

92

1.9

94

2.0

45

1.7

54

2.0

49

1.7

Other subtypes

81

1.7

90

1.8

89

1.9

48

1.8

43

1.6

56

2.0

Unknown

15

0.3

8

0.2

8

0.2

35

1.3

24

0.9

11

0.4

Preoperative treatment

No received

3457

71.5

3565

72.6

3911

81.7

 < 0.001

2038

77.1

2098

79.6

2164

75.4

 < 0.001

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

1243

25.7

970

19.7

594

12.4

557

21.1

449

17.0

667

23.2

Preoperative radiotherapy

137

2.8

378

7.7

281

5.9

47

1.8

90

3.4

38

1.3

Lymph node dissection

PLA

4651

96.2

4604

93.7

4735

98.9

 < 0.001

2269

85.9

2028

76.9

1905

66.4

 < 0.001

PLA + PALA

186

3.8

309

6.3

51

1.1

373

14.1

609

23.1

964

33.6

Hysterectomy types

Type B

2852

59.0

2140

43.6

3340

69.8

 < 0.001

1047

39.6

592

22.4

242

8.4

 < 0.001

Type C2

1962

40.6

2719

55.3

1424

29.7

1558

59.0

1991

75.5

2616

91.2

Type C1

23

0.5

54

1.1

22

0.5

37

1.4

54

2.0

11

0.4

Operation time (min)

232.8 ± 64.8

205.0 ± 55.4

164.7 ± 52.8

 < 0.001

259.6 ± 77.1

234.4 ± 70.8

209.6 ± 64.6

 < 0.001

Blood loss (ml)

499.2 ± 363.1

470.3 ± 375.14

241.0 ± 211.6

 < 0.001

216.2 ± 305.7

193.0 ± 188.6

185.1 ± 170.1

 < 0.001