Table 3 Predictors of high- and intermediate-volume surgeons

Age at surgery, years

0.15

0.002

 ≥ 60

Ref

Ref

 < 60

0.91 (0.79–1.04)

0.15

0.74 (0.61–0.90)

0.002

Year of diagnosis

 < 0.001

0.02

2004–2009

Ref

Ref

2010–2016

1.55 (1.41–1.69)

 < 0.001

1.47 (1.07–2.02)

0.02

Urban–rural distribution

 < 0.001

0.08

Rural

Ref

Ref

Urban

0.87 (0.80–0.96)

0.005

1.11 (0.97–1.27)

0.13

Unknown

0.51 (0.45–0.58)

 < 0.001

0.87 (0.71–1.07)

0.20

Hospital function

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

General hospital

Ref

Ref

Cancer center

3.45 (3.07–3.87)

 < 0.001

1.83 (1.49–2.24)

 < 0.001

W&C center

1.55 (1.27–1.89)

 < 0.001

0.26 (0.20 -0.35)

 < 0.001

Region

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

North

Ref

Ref

South

0.45 (0.38–0.54)

 < 0.001

4.91 (3.66–6.59)

 < 0.001

Central

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.23

2.12 (1.68–2.68)

 < 0.001

East

0.37 (0.32–0.42)

 < 0.001

0.36 (0.28–0.45)

 < 0.001

Southwest

1.05 (0.84–1.31)

0.70

82.00 (57.57–116.82)

 < 0.001

Northwest

3.31 (2.56–4.28)

 < 0.001

1.29 (0.88–1.88)

0.19

Northeast

0.22 (0.16–0.29)

 < 0.001

3.36 (1.71–6.59)

 < 0.001

City scale

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

First-tier

Ref

Ref

Second-tier

0.70 (0.59–0.85)

 < 0.001

8.74 (6.31–12.10)

 < 0.001

Third-tier

0.36 (0.31–0.43)

 < 0.001

1.18 (0.89–1.56)

0.26

Mode of delivery

 < 0.001

0.004

No delivery

1.00 (0.68–1.48)

0.99

1.06 (0.57–1.97)

0.85

Vaginal delivery

Ref

Ref

Cesarean delivery

1.06 (0.89–1.27)

0.54

1.35 (1.10–1.68)

0.005

Unknown

0.66 (0.59–0.74)

 < 0.001

1.34 (1.07–1.67)

0.01

Comorbidity

0.41

0.43

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.93 (0.79–1.10)

0.41

1.09 (0.88–1.35)

0.43

FIGO stage

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

IA + IB1

Ref

Ref

IB2

1.08 (0.94–1.23)

0.28

1.26 (1.02–1.57)

0.03

IIA1

1.28 (1.13–1.44)

 < 0.001

1.23 (1.02–1.48)

0.02

IIA2

1.28 (1.07–1.52)

0.006

2.26 (1.70–3.01)

 < 0.001

IIB

0.75 (0.63–0.88)

 < 0.001

1.60 (1.20–2.14)

0.002

Gross type

 < 0.001

0.009

Exophytic

Ref

Ref

Endophytic

2.09 (1.78–2.45)

 < 0.001

0.64 (0.48–0.86)

0.003

Ulcerated

0.87 (0.78–0.98)

0.02

1.16 (0.99–1.38)

0.08

Endocervical

0.56 (0.40–0.77)

 < 0.001

0.89 (0.56–1.42)

0.62

After conization

0.85 (0.66–1.10)

0.23

1.17 (0.84–1.65)

0.35

Preclinical carcinoma

1.39 (1.19–1.63)

 < 0.001

0.88 (0.72–1.08)

0.22

Unknown

0.70 (0.61–0.81)

 < 0.001

1.04 (0.86–1.26)

0.71

Histological types

0.021

0.96

Squamous cell

Ref

Ref

Adenocarcinoma

0.89 (0.77–1.03)

0.18

1.06 (0.87–1.29)

0.54

Adenosquamous

0.82 (0.62–1.07)

0.15

1.00 (0.65–1.56)

0.97

Other subtypes

0.66 (0.49–0.90)

0.008

0.98 (0.64–1.48)

0.91

Unknown

0.70 (0.31–1.60)

0.40

0.88 (0.50–1.57)

0.66

Preoperative treatment

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

No received

Ref

Ref

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

0.001

0.69 (0.57–0.82)

 < 0.001

Preoperative radiotherapy

1.92 (1.53–2.40)

 < 0.001

0.85 (0.58–1.26)

0.42

Lymph node dissection

0.98

0.04

PLA

Ref

Ref

PLA + PALA

1.00 (0.81–1.23)

0.98

1.19 (1.01–1.40)

0.04

Hysterectomy types

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Type B

Ref

Ref

Type C2

1.75 (1.59–1.93)

 < 0.001

2.33 (1.98–2.75)

 < 0.001

Type C1

2.73 (1.61–4.64)

 < 0.001

3.60 (2.27–5.72)

 < 0.001