Fig. 1

Final model and standardized pathway coefficients among health literacy, self efficacy, and quality of life. Note:*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; HL = health literacy; SE = self-efficacy; QOL = quality of life; A1 = Information acquisition ability; A2 = Communication and interaction ability; A3 = Willingness to improve health; A4 = Willingness to support financially; RP = Role limitations due to physical problems; BP = bodily pain; SF = social function; RE = role limitations due to emotional problems; MH = mental health; B1 = If I do my best, I can always solve the problem; B2 = Even if others are against me, I still have a way to get what I want.; B3 = It is easy for me to stick to my ideals and achieve my goals; B4 = I am confident that I can deal with anything that happens all of a sudden.; B5 = With my intelligence, I will be able to cope with unexpected situations.; B6 = If I do what I have to do, I will be able to solve most of the problems.; B7 = I can face difficulties calmly because I believe in my ability to deal with problems.; B8 = . When faced with a difficult problem, I can usually find several solutions; B9 = When there is trouble, I can usually think of some ways to deal with it; B10 = No matter what happens to me, I can handle it