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Table 4 Factors associated with advanced cervical cancer (FIGO stage: III or IV), Côte d’Ivoire, 2019, (n = 95)

From: Barriers to early diagnosis of cervical cancer: a mixed-method study in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa

 

Cancer Stage at diagnosis

  
 

Early stage (I/II)

Advanced stage (III/IV)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

P value

Factors

n/N

n/N

    

Age group (years)

  

0.36

  

 <40

5/17

12/17

1

   

 40–59

18/55

37/55

0.8 [0.2–2.8]

   

 ≥60

4/23

19/23

2.0 [0.4–8.9]

   

Education level

      

 None

11/44

33/44

1

0.70

  

 Primary

8/28

20/28

0.8 [0.3–2.4]

   

 Secondary and over

8/23

15/23

0.6 [0.2–1.9]

   

Marital status

   

0.32

  

 Married

12/34

22/34

1

   

 Living with partner

6/18

12/18

1.1 [0.3–3.6]

   

 Widowed or single or divorced

9/43

34/43

2.0 [0.7–5.7]

   

Occupation

      

 Employed

17/56

39/56

1

   

 Unemployed

10/39

29/39

1.2 [0.51–3.16]

0.61

  

Place of living

     

 Abidjan

10/41

31/41

1

   

 Other cities$

17/54

37/54

0.7 [0.3–1.7]

0.44

  

Menopause

     

 No

15/36

21/36

1

   

 Yes

12/59

44/59

2.8 [1.1–7.0]

0.02

-

-

HIV Status

      

 Positive

9/18

9/18

1

 

1

 

 Negative

18/77

59/77

3.3 [1.1–9.5]

0.02

5.4 [1.6–17.7]

0.006

Health insurance coverage

     

 Yes

6/9

3/9

1

 

1

 

 No

21/86

65/86

6.2 [1.4–26.9]

0.01

13.1[2.0–85.5]

0.007

Prior Knowledge of cervical cancer™

    

 Yes

19/51

32/51

1

 

1

 

 No

8/44

36/44

2.7 [1.0–6.9]

0.04

2.1 [0.7–6.3]

0.16*

Use traditional healers ©

 No

22/63

51/63

1

   

 Yes

5/32

27/32

2.9 [1.0–8.5]

0.05

-

-

Access to specialized facilities ¥

 Reference

25/76

51/76

1

 

1

 

 Directly

2/19

17/19

4.2 [0.9–19.4]

0.07

7.1 [1.1–44.0]

0.01

Number of pre-diagnosis visits

 <3

9/33

24/33

1

   

 ≥3

18/62

44/62

0.9 [0.3–2.3]

0.85

  

Histological subtypes

 Adenocarcinoma

1/9

8/9

1

   

 Squamous cell carcinoma

26/86

60/86

0.3 [0.03–2.4]

0.25

  

Total time interval ®

 <180

10/40

30/40

1

   

 ≥180

17/55

38/55

0.7 [0.3–1.8]

0.52

  
  1. Bold typeface indicates statistically significant values
  2. *Confounding factor with HIV status and Health insurance coverage
  3. Notes: $, people who lived in other districts of Côte d’Ivoire except Abidjan; ™, Prior knowledge of CC before disease onset; ©, Use of traditionals healthworkers after recognition of early symptoms; ¥, How women get access to specialized facilities; ®, time between the first symptoms and the histological diagnosis of cancer.
  4. Abbreviations: OR- Odds ratio; CI- Confidence Interval