Table 1 The general characteristics of included participants
From: Urinary phytoestrogens and the risk of uterine leiomyomata in US women
Variables | Total (n = 1579) | UL group (n = 204) | Non-UL group (n = 1375) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, Mean (S.E) | 37.81 (0.31) | 44.54 (0.59) | 36.68 (0.36) | < 0.001 |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 745 (69.30) | 90 (67.05) | 655 (69.67) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 314 (11.94) | 76 (20.13) | 238 (10.57) | |
Other racea | 520 (18.76) | 38 (12.82) | 482 (19.75) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.028 | |||
Married | 913 (58.62) | 124 (65.13) | 789 (57.54) | |
Never married | 299 (17.72) | 24 (9.98) | 275 (19.01) | |
Otherb | 367 (23.66) | 56 (24.90) | 311 (23.45) | |
Education level, n (%) | 0.783 | |||
High school and below | 362 (13.79) | 33 (11.91) | 329 (14.10) | |
High school Grad/ GED or Equivalent | 334 (22.32) | 42 (22.70) | 292 (22.26) | |
Some College or AA degree/College Graduate or above | 883 (63.89) | 129 (65.40) | 754 (63.64) | |
PIR, Mean (S.E) | 0.113 | |||
< 1.0 | 314 (15.39) | 23 (11.19) | 291 (16.09) | |
≥ 1.0 | 1265 (84.61) | 181 (88.81) | 1084 (83.91) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.129 | |||
No | 986 (56.77) | 115 (50.34) | 871 (57.85) | |
Yes | 593 (43.23) | 89 (49.66) | 504 (42.15) | |
Drinking status, n (%) | 0.045 | |||
No | 611 (31.00) | 68 (24.70) | 543 (32.06) | |
Yes | 968 (69.00) | 136 (75.30) | 832 (67.94) | |
BMI, kg/m2, Mean (S.E) | 28.27 (0.28) | 29.63 (0.58) | 28.04 (0.29) | 0.007 |
Waist circumference, cm, Mean (S.E) | 92.67 (0.59) | 95.54 (1.32) | 92.20 (0.64) | 0.020 |
Cotinine, ng/mL, Mean (S.E) | 59.55 (4.30) | 61.99 (10.57) | 59.14 (4.71) | 0.808 |
Age at menarche, years, Mean (S.E) | 12.55 (0.06) | 12.40 (0.14) | 12.58 (0.06) | 0.240 |
Menopausal status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1030 (67.86) | 86 (42.13) | 944 (72.16) | |
Yes | 549 (32.14) | 118 (57.87) | 431 (27.84) | |
Ovary removed status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1455 (90.64) | 132 (62.53) | 1323 (95.33) | |
Yes | 124 (9.36) | 72 (37.47) | 52 (4.67) | |
Hysterectomy, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1432 (88.85) | 118 (55.22) | 1314 (94.47) | |
Yes | 147 (11.15) | 86 (44.78) | 61 (5.53) | |
Use of female hormones, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1270 (73.74) | 128 (58.70) | 1142 (76.26) | |
Yes | 309 (26.26) | 76 (41.30) | 233 (23.74) | |
Use of other hormonal drugs, n (%) | 0.035 | |||
No | 1479 (91.46) | 180 (86.89) | 1299 (92.22) | |
Yes | 100 (8.54) | 24 (13.11) | 76 (7.78) | |
Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, n (%) | 0.844 | |||
No | 1515 (95.06) | 194 (94.74) | 1321 (95.11) | |
Yes | 64 (4.94) | 10 (5.26) | 54 (4.89) | |
Pregnancy status, n (%) | 0.086 | |||
No | 1297 (95.11) | 193 (97.62) | 1104 (94.69) | |
Yes | 282 (4.89) | 11 (2.38) | 271 (5.31) | |
Number of gravidities, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
1 | 216 (13.19) | 21 (10.12) | 195 (13.70) | |
> 1 | 1125 (67.32) | 165 (79.12) | 960 (65.34) | |
Unknown | 238 (19.50) | 18 (10.76) | 220 (20.96) | |
Daidzein, ug/g, Mean (S.E) | 307.31 (38.08) | 472.64 (148.81) | 279.70 (36.63) | 0.214 |
Genistein, ug/g, Mean (S.E) | 141.77 (16.38) | 164.75 (51.92) | 137.93 (19.27) | 0.655 |
Equol, ug/g, Mean (S.E) | 68.03 (20.65) | 88.37 (33.50) | 64.63 (23.77) | 0.579 |
O-desmethylangolensin, ug/g, Mean (S.E) | 90.21 (10.03) | 162.26 (48.08) | 78.18 (10.23) | 0.107 |
Enterodiol, ug/g, Mean (S.E) | 111.83 (13.33) | 117.46 (22.60) | 110.89 (14.79) | 0.800 |
Enterolactone, ug/g, Mean (S.E) | 845.38 (84.86) | 877.75 (119.89) | 839.97 (92.97) | 0.783 |
Total energy, kcal, Mean (S.E) | 1920.02 (22.88) | 1793.11 (55.60) | 1941.21 (26.49) | 0.024 |
Fiber, gm, Mean (S.E) | 13.69 (0.22) | 13.92 (0.76) | 13.66 (0.24) | 0.748 |