Table 4 Beliefs, values and participation in breast cancer screening activities (n = 1063)
| Â | BSE practice | CBE practice | Mammogram practice | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Yes (%) | No (%) | Â | Yes (%) | No (%) | Â | Yes (%) | No (%) | Â |
|  | n = 148 | n = 915 | P value | n = 333 | n = 730 | P value | n = 187 | n = 508 | P value |
Age (years) |  |  | χ2(2, N = 1061) = 16.84, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(2, N = 1061) = 16.15, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(2, N = 695) = 0.21, p = 0.648 |
35 – 39 | 47 (12.9) | 318 (87.1) | 88 (24.1) | 277 (75.9) | N/A | N/A | |||
40 – 49 | 75 (18.8) | 324 (81.2) | 150 (37.6) | 249 (62.4) | 110 (27.6) | 289 (72.4) | |||
50+ | 24 (8.1) | 273 (91.9) | 94 (31.6) | 203 (68.4) | 77 (26.0) | 219 (74.0) | |||
Health status |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1061) = 12.76, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1061) = 5.50, p = 0.019* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 694) = 5.72, p = 0.017* |
Poor-Fair | 18 (7.1) | 234 (92.9) | 64 (25.4) | 188 (74.6) | 44 (20.9) | 167 (79.1) | |||
Good-Excellent | 130 (16.1) | 679 (83.9) | 269 (33.3) | 540 (66.7) | 143 (29.6) | 340 (70.4) | |||
Can cancer be prevented? |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 16.45, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 23.75, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 13.44, p < 0.001* |
No | 62 (10.2) | 546 (89.8) | 154 (25.3) | 454 (74.7) | 87 (21.6) | 315 (78.4) | |||
Yes | 86 (18.9) | 369 (81.1) | 179 (39.3) | 276 (60.7) | 100 (34.1) | 193 (65.9) | |||
Participant would want to know if she had cancer |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.95, p = 0.326 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 2.72, p = 0.099 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 4.88, p = 0.027* |
No | 16 (11.3) | 126 (88.7) | 36 (25.4) | 106 (74.6) | 19 (18.1) | 86 (81.9) | |||
Yes | 132 (14.3) | 789 (85.7) | 297 (32.2) | 624 (67.8) | 168 (28.5) | 422 (71.5) | |||
Reasons participant believes people get cancer | |||||||||
It’s God’s punishment |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 3.91, p = 0.048* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 14.05, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 8.29, p = 0.004* |
No | 135 (14.8) | 779 (85.2) | 306 (33.5) | 608 (66.5) | 173 (28.8) | 427 (71.2) | |||
Yes | 13 (8.7) | 136 (91.3) | 27 (18.1) | 122 (81.9) | 14 (14.7) | 81 (85.3) | |||
It’s fate or destiny |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.406, p = 0.524 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.39, p = 0.535 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 0.81, p = 0.368 |
No | 6 (17.6) | 28 (82.4) | 9 (26.5) | 25 (73.5) | 5 (19.2) | 21 (80.8) | |||
Yes | 142 (13.8) | 887 (86.2) | 324 (31.5) | 705 (68.5) | 182 (27.2) | 487 (72.8) | |||
It’s bad luck |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 1.69, p = 0.194 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 4.29, p = 0.038* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 4.07, p = 0.044* |
No | 138 (14.4) | 822 (85.6) | 310 (32.3) | 650 (67.7) | 173 (28.1) | 442 (71.9) | |||
Yes | 10 (9.7) | 93 (90.3) | 23 (22.3) | 80 (77.7) | 14 (17.5) | 66 (82.5) | |||
Cancer is contagious |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.06, p = 0.815 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 3.39, p = 0.066 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 4.71, p = 0.030* |
No | 142 (14.0) | 874 (86.0) | 324 (31.9) | 692 (68.1) | 185 (27.6) | 485 (72.4) | |||
Yes | 6 (12.8) | 41 (87.2) | 9 (19.1) | 38 (80.9) | 2 (8.0) | 23 (92.0) | |||
Cancer is hereditary |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 9.80, p = 0.002* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 18.24, p < 0.001* |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 13.07, p < 0.001* |
No | 32 (9.2) | 317 (90.8) | 79 (22.6) | 270 (77.4) | 49 (19.0) | 209 (81.0) | |||
Yes | 116 (16.2) | 598 (83.8) | 254 (35.6) | 460 (64.4) | 138 (31.6) | 299 (68.4) | |||
Unhealthy lifestyle |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.16, p = 0.692 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.35, p = 0.553 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 0.92, p = 0.338 |
No | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | 20 (28.2) | 51 (71.8) | 19 (32.2) | 40 (67.8) | |||
Yes | 137 (13.8) | 855 (86.2) | 313 (31.6) | 679 (68.4) | 168 (26.4) | 468 (73.6) | |||
Not breastfeeding |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.16, p = 0.204 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 1063) = 0.64, p = 0.422 |  |  | χ2(1, N = 695) = 0.28, p = 0.597 |
No | 33 (16.8) | 164 (83.2) | 57 (28.9) | 140 (71.1) | 31 (25.0) | 93 (75.0) | |||
Yes | 115 (13.3) | 751 (86.7) | 276 (31.9) | 590 (68.1) | 156 (27.3) | 415 (72.7) | |||