Table 2 Association between CES-D/DASS-21 depression with individual behavioral, social, and community characteristics
Measure of depression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
CES-D Score | DASS-21 Score | |||
Participant Characteristic | ≥ 16a | <16a | ≥ 14a | < 14a |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
63 (26.3) | 177 (73.8) | 59 (26.0) | 168 (74.0) | |
Age | ||||
Mean (STD) | 21.4 (5.0) | 20.9 (2.7) | 21.5 (5.2) | 20.9 (2.7) |
Median (IQR) | 20.3 (2.2) | 20.4 (1.8) | 20.2 (2.4) | 20.4 (1.8) |
17–18 | 4 (6.7) | 13 (8.0) | 4 (7.2) | 9 (5.8) |
19–20 | 34 (56.7) | 92 (56.8) | 32 (58.2) | 87 (56.5) |
21–22 | 17 (28.3) | 49 (30.3) | 12 (21.8) | 52 (33.8) |
>22 | 5 (8.3) | 8 (4.9) | 7 (12.7) | 6 (3.9) |
Class yearc,d | ||||
Freshman | 22 (34.9) | 40 (22.7) | 18 (30.5) | 32 (19.5) |
Sophomore | 15 (23.8) | 55 (31.3) | 16 (27.1) | 52 (31.7) |
Junior | 12 (19.0) | 51 (29.0) | 11(18.6) | 50 (30.5) |
Senior | 14 (22.2) | 30 (17.0) | 14 (23.7) | 30 (18.3) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
African American/Black (non-Hispanic) | 15 (25.0) | 51 (29.7) | 13 (23.6) | 49 (29.9) |
Asian | 5 (8.3) | 20 (11.6) | 34 (61.8) | 81 (49.4) |
Hispanic/Latina | 3 (5.0) | 7 (4.1) | 3 (5.5) | 7 (4.3) |
White (non-Hispanic) | 35 (58.3) | 85 (49.4) | 2 (3.6) | 19 (11.6) |
Multiracial/ethnic | 2 (3.3) | 9 (5.2) | 3 (5.5) | 8 (4.9) |
Nation of birthc,d | ||||
United States | 60 (95.2)* | 150 (85.2) | 56 (94.9) | 144 (86.2) |
Other | 3 (4.8) | 26 (14.8) | 3 (5.1) | 23 (13.8) |
Residencec | ||||
On-campus | 47 (74.6) | 148 (83.6) | 46 (78.0) | 138 (82.1) |
Off-campus | 16 (25.4) | 29 (16.4) | 13 (22.0) | 30 (17.9) |
GPA | ||||
3.6-4.0 | 21 (33.9) | 64 (36.6) | 14 (24.1) | 63 (37.7) |
3.1-3.5 | 22 (35.5) | 75 (42.9) | 27 (46.6) | 69 (41.3) |
2.6-3.0 | 12 (19.4) | 24 (13.7) | 11 (19.0) | 22 (13.2) |
2.1-2.5 | 7 (11.3) | 12 (6.9) | 6 (10.3) | 13 (7.8) |
Number of credit hoursd | ||||
Mean (SD) | 15.4 (4.0) | 16.1 (3.0) | 15.3 (4.1) | 16.1 (3.0) |
Median (IQR) | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) |
1–11 | 4 (6.8) | 5 (3.0) | 4 (6.8) | 5 (3.0) |
12–16 | 38 (64.4) | 98 (58.7) | 40 (67.8) | 98 (58.3) |
>16 | 17 (28.8) | 64 (38.3) | 15 (25.4) | 65 (38.7) |
Employmentd | ||||
On-campus | 27 (42.9) | 79 (44.9) | 21 (35.6) | 76 (45.5) |
Off-campus | 11 (17.5) | 36 (20.5) | 9 (15.3) | 37 (22.2) |
None | 25 (39.7) | 61 (35.7) | 29 (49.2) | 54 (32.3) |
Self-reported overall health | ||||
Excellent/very good/goodc,d | 47 (74.6)* | 166 (94.9) | 44 (77.2)* | 157 (93.5) |
Fair/poor | 16 (25.4) | 9 (5.1) | 13 (22.8) | 11 (6.5) |
BMId | ||||
Mean (SD) | 26.6 (7.8)* | 24.1 (6.0) | 27.1 (7.7)* | 24.0 (5.9) |
Median (IQR) | 24.7 (8.4) | 20.6 (6.1) | 25.3 (9.2) | 23.0 (6.0) |
<18.5 | 5 (7.9) | 13 (7.3) | 3 (5.1)* | 8 (4.9) |
18.5-24.9 | 29 (46.0) | 101 (57.1) | 23 (39.0) | 99 (60.7) |
>24.9 | 29 (46.0) | 63 (35.6) | 33 (55.9) | 56 (34.4) |
Nightly hours of sleepc,d | ||||
Mean (SD) | 6.0 (1.6)* | 6.7 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.6)* | 6.7 (1.3) |
Median (IQR) | 6.0 (2.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | 6.0 (2.6) | 7.0 (1.0) |
<5 | 12 (19.1)* | 17 (9.6) | 7 (11.9) * | 5 (3.0) |
5–6 | 32 (50.8) | 67 (37.9) | 32 (54.2) | 69 (41.8) |
>6 | 19 (30.2) | 93 (52.5) | 20 (33.9) | 91 (55.2) |
Sleep qualityc,d | ||||
Excellent/good/okay | 35 (59.3)* | 138 (82.6) | 35 (59.3)* | 140 (83.3) |
Poor/extremely poor | 24 (40.7) | 29 (17.4) | 24 (40.7) | 28 (16.7) |
Family member with previous mental health diagnosisc,d | ||||
Depressive or anxiety disorder | 9 (20.9)* | 38 (27.9) | 13 (30.2)* | 34 (24.8) |
Both | 22 (51.2) | 30 (22.1) | 21 (48.8) | 33 (24.1) |
Neither | 12 (27.9) | 68 (50.0) | 9 (20.9) | 70 (51.1) |
College loansd | ||||
Yes | 44 (69.8) | 113 (63.8) | 44 (74.6) | 107 (63.7) |
No | 19 (30.2) | 64 (36.2) | 15 (25.4) | 61 (36.3) |
Major | ||||
Undeclared | 4 (7.0) | 7 (4.5) | 3 (5.2) | 7 (4.5) |
Humanities | 11 (19.3) | 20 (13.0) | 10 (17.2) | 22 (14.1) |
Social sciences | 21 (36.8) | 66 (42.6) | 24 (41.4) | 63 (40.4) |
Natural sciences | 9 (15.8) | 40 (25.8) | 9 (15.5) | 40 (25.6) |
Double major | 11 (19.3) | 18 (11.6) | 11 (19.0) | 20 (12.8) |
Dual-degree Nursing | 1 (1.8) | 4 (2.6) | 1 (1.7) | 4 (2.6) |
Self-reported increase in stress from college | ||||
Yes | 53 (89.8) | 138 (83.6) | 53 (89.8) | 142 (84.5) |
No | 6 (10.2) | 27 (16.4) | 6 (10.2) | 26 (15.5) |
Frequency of weekly academic stressb | ||||
Often | 44 (74.6)* | 72 (43.1) | 46 (78.0)* | 70 (41.7) |
Not very often | 12 (20.3) | 80 (47.9) | 11(18.6) | 82 (48.8) |
Almost never | 3 (5.1) | 15 (9.0) | 2 (3.4) | 16 (9.5) |
Number of people in social support groupc,d | ||||
Mean (SD) | 5.1 (4.2)* | 6.5 (5.3) | 4.6 (4.0)* | 6.7 (5.2) |
Median (IQR) | 4.0 (4.0) | 5.0 (5.0) | 3.5 (3.5) | 5.0 (4.0) |
0–4 | 30 (54.5) | 62 (38.3) | 35 (62.5)* | 56 (34.6) |
>4 | 25 (45.5) | 100 (61.7) | 21 (37.5) | 106 (65.4) |
Strong social support groupc,d | ||||
Yes | 27 (58.7)* | 128 (89.5) | 25 (53.2)* | 134 (92.4) |
No | 19 (41.3) | 15 (10.5) | 22 (46.8) | 11 (7.6) |
Relationship statusc | ||||
Single | 42 (68.9) | 96 (54.9) | 34 (59.6) | 92 (55.4) |
Relationship | 19 (31.1) | 79 (45.1) | 23 (40.4) | 74 (44.6) |
Children | ||||
Yes | 2 (3.2) | 6 (3.4) | 2 (3.4) | 6 (3.6) |
No | 61 (96.8) | 169 (96.6) | 57(96.6) | 162(96.4) |
Exercise (≥ 1 time per week)c,d | ||||
Yes | 58 (93.5) | 174 (98.3) | 55 (94.8) | 166 (98.8) |
No | 4 (6.5) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (1.2) |
Previous mental health clinical diagnosis or treatmentc,d | ||||
Yes | 26 (44.1)* | 37 (22.4) | 29 (49.2)* | 36 (21.6) |
No | 33 (55.9) | 128 (77.6) | 30 (50.8) | 131 (78.4) |
Ever visited campus psychologistd | ||||
Yes | 30 (50.8) | 69 (41.3) | 23(46.9) | 56 (44.1) |
No | 29 (49.2) | 98 (58.7) | 26 (53.1) | 71 (55.9) |
Perceived stigma of mental health issues at colleged | ||||
Strongly agree/Agree | 15 (26.3) | 109 (68.1) | 23 (41.1)* | 43 (26.7) |
Disagree/Strongly disagree | 42 (73.7) | 51 (31.9) | 33 (58.9) | 118 (73.3) |
Perceived stress at current college higher than other universities | ||||
Yes | 18 (31.0) | 50 (30.3) | 19 (32.2) | 52 (31.0) |
No | 40 (69.0) | 115 (69.7) | 40 (67.8) | 116 (69.0) |