Table 5 Comparison of non-invasive NAF collection by series
Series | Subject Population | Fluid Acquisition Method | % Fluid Obtained | % samples with >10 ductal epithelial cells present for cytologic assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Papanicolaou et al 1958 [2] | n = 917 asymptomatic women; 19–75 yrs | Manual compression followed by manual breast pump | 18% | Specimen cellularity not specifically reported; ~50% of samples "sparsely cellular with no evidence of atypia" |
Petrakis et al 1975 [15] | n = 606 healthy volunteers; >18 yrs; Caucasian, Filipina, African American, Mexican, Asian | Manual compression & suction | 48% | Findings reported as secretor or non-secretor; cellularity not reported |
Sartorius 1977 [3] | n = 203 without breast disease; n = 1503 patients with positive or suspect breast disease | Sartorius syringe – device; manual compression & suction | 65% (age 31–50); 30–40% (age <20/>60) | 48% of 203 without disease; 54% of women with known or suspected breast disease |
Buehring 1979 [16] | n = 1744 self-selected; mostly asymptomatic volunteers; >18 yrs; Caucasian | Sartorius method | 49% | 36% NAF samples; 18% overall "satisfactory" |
Petrakis et al 1981 [17] | n = 3929 volunteers from health fairs; >=18 yrs; Caucasian | Sartorius method | 56% | Findings reported as secretor or non-secretor; cellularity not reported |
Wynder et al 1981 [18] | n = 244 Finnish volunteers; age 20–69 | Sartorius method; repeated up to 10 min | 38% | Cytology not assessed |
Wynder et al 1985 [19] | n = 990 volunteers; age 30–70 (289 "healthy"'; 548 with benign breast disease; 153 with untreated breast cancer) | Sartorius method; repeated up to 10 min | 38–57% | Cytology not assessed |
Wrensch et al 1990 [13] | n = 1428 with no history of breast cancer; age 20–74 | Sartorius method | 37% | Findings reported as secretor or non-secretor; cellularity not reported |
Wrensch et al 1992 [8] | n = 2701 Caucasian volunteers; free from breast cancer | Sartorius method | 74% | 87% NAF samples; 71% overall fluid with satisfactory cytology |
Sauter et al 1997 [12] | n = 177 non-Asian subjects including women with history of breast cancer, precancerous mastopathy and invasive cancer | Modified breast pump consisting of syringe attached to endotracheal tube and respiratory humidification adapter | 94–99% | 96% NAF samples; 53% sufficiently cellular for DNA analysis |
HALO Series 2004 | n = 500 healthy volunteers; ages 18–65 yrs; asymptomatic, no breast cancer history | Automated five minute cycle (heat, suction, compression) | 38% | 50% NAF samples; 19% overall produced samples with >10 ductal epithelial cells |