Table 3 Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Preeclampsia According to Maternal History of Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy as Measured by the PHQ-9 Item Questionnaire, Lima, Peru, 2004–2005
PHQ-9 Items | Preeclampsia Cases (N = 339) | Control Subjects (N = 337) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Little interest or pleasure in doing things | ||||
Not at all | 185 | 247 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 128 | 68 | 2.5 (1.8–3.6) | 2.5 (1.7–3.7) |
More than half the days | 26 | 21 | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 2.2 (1.1–4.4) |
Nearly every day | 0 | 1 | --- | --- |
Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | ||||
Not at all | 92 | 141 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 101 | 40 | 3.9 (2.5–6.1) | 3.7 (2.3–5.9) |
More than half the days | 142 | 153 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
Nearly every day | 4 | 3 | 2.0 (0.5–9.3) | --- |
Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much | ||||
Not at all | 184 | 220 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 73 | 36 | 2.4 (1.6–3.8) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) |
More than half the days | 77 | 79 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
Nearly every day | 5 | 2 | 3.0 (0.6–15.6) | 3.3 (0.6–18.8) |
Feeling tired or having little energy | ||||
Not at all | 168 | 206 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 93 | 58 | 2.0 (1.3–2.9) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) |
More than half the days | 76 | 71 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) |
Nearly every day | 2 | 2 | 1.2 (0.2–8.8) | 1.2 (0.2–10.1) |
Poor appetite or eating too much | ||||
Not at all | 176 | 227 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 75 | 51 | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) |
More than half the days | 80 | 57 | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) |
Nearly every day | 8 | 2 | 5.2 (1.1–24.6) | 4.6 (0.9–23.4) |
Feeling bad about yourself – or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down | ||||
Not at all | 262 | 300 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 58 | 27 | 2.5 (1.5–4.0) | 2.3 (1.4–3.9) |
More than half the days | 17 | 10 | 2.0 (0.9–4.3 | 2.1 (0.9–5.2) |
Nearly every day | 2 | 0 | --- | --- |
Trouble concentrating on activities such as reading the newspaper or watching TV | ||||
Not at all | 274 | 302 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 37 | 18 | 2.3 (1.3–4.1) | 2.4 (1.3–4.6) |
More than half the days | 26 | 16 | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) |
Nearly every day | 2 | 1 | 2.2 (0.2–24.4) | 3.0 (0.2–37.0) |
Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. | ||||
Not at all | 307 | 323 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 15 | 7 | 2.3 (0.9–5.6) | 2.0 (0.8–5.4) |
More than half the days | 15 | 6 | 2.6 (1.0–6.9) | 3.2 (1.1–9.1) |
Nearly every day | 2 | 0 | --- | --- |
Missing | 0 | 1 | ||
Thought that you would be better off dead or hurting yourself in some way | ||||
Not at all | 260 | 276 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
Several days | 36 | 37 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
More than half the days | 41 | 24 | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) | 1.8 (0.99–3.3) |
Nearly every day | 2 | 0 | --- | --- |
Degree of difficulty of daily living if you had any of above symptoms | ||||
Not difficult at all | 175 | 183 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
Somewhat difficult | 108 | 49 | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) | 2.2 (1.4–3.3) |
Very difficult | 18 | 10 | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | 2.3 (0.9–5.7) |
Extremely difficult | 0 | 0 | --- | --- |
Unknown or N/A | 38 | 95 | ||