Table 1 Characteristics of women in the study (n = 226)

Age (years), mean ± SD (range)

32 ± 4 (22–42)

Body weight before pregnancy (kg)

   mean ± SD (range)

64.9 ± 9.4 (46.0–96.0)

   median (25^th, 75^th percentile)

63.0 (58.0–68.0)

BMI before pregnancy (kg/m²)

   mean ± SD (range)

22.9 ± 3.0 (17.1–34.6)

   median (25^th, 75^th percentile)

22.2 (20.8–24.1)

Parity, n (%)

   0

150 (66%)

   1

64 (28%)

   2

12 (5%)

Education, n (%)

   Low (two to three years secondary school or less)

72 (32%)

   Medium (non-university degree)

20 (9%)

   High (university degree)

134 (59%)

Smoking during pregnancy, n (%)

   Yes

8 (4%)

   No

218 (96%)

Birth weight of infant* (g),

   mean ± SD (range)

3630 ± 510 (2420–4950)

   median (25^th, 75^th percentile)

3630 (3330–3990)

Birth length of infant* (cm)

   mean ± SD (range)

51 ± 2 (44–57)

   median (25^th, 75^th percentile)

51 (50.0–52.0)