Table 3 Baseline physical characteristics of the study participants (N = 491)
| Â | CL8 | CL6 | CL5 | CL4 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 162) | (N = 111) | (N = 102) | (N = 116) | ||
Age (years) | 52.1 ± 6.0 | 51.0 ± 5.5 | 51.5 ± 5.1 | 52.5 ± 4.8 | 0.205 |
Perimenopausal/postmenopausal (%) | 40.3/59.7 | 49.1/50.9 | 46.5/53.5 | 41.4/58.6 | 0.455 |
Height (cm) | 156.4 ± 5.6 | 158.1 ± 5.3 | 157.1 ± 5.4 | 155.5 ± 5.4 | 0.004 |
Body weight (kg) | 53.0 ± 8.5 | 53.0 ± 8.7 | 54.1 ± 9.9 | 51.9 ± 9.4 | 0.337 |
Body mass index (kg . m-2) | 21.6 ± 3.3 | 21.2 ± 3.3 | 21.9 ± 3.7 | 21.4 ± 3.6 | 0.491 |
Body fat (%) | 26.7 ± 7.3 | 26.9 ± 8.4 | 27.6 ± 7.8 | 26.4 ± 7.8 | 0.806 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 35.9 ± 2.7 | 36.0 ± 2.8 | 36.2 ± 3.4 | 35.3 ± 3.0 | 0.220 |
Water mass (kg) | 27.5 ± 2.6 | 27.3 ± 2.9 | 27.8 ± 3.5 | 26.9 ± 2.8 | 0.211 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 78.8 ± 9.0 | 77.2 ± 9.5 | 80.1 ± 9.8 | 77.6 ± 10.2 | 0.516 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 92.0 ± 5.8 | 91.1 ± 6.2 | 91.5 ± 6.1 | 90.5 ± 7.2 | 0.295 |
Waist-hip ratio (%) | 85.5 ± 6.0 | 84.5 ± 6.3 | 87.4 ± 6.4 | 85.6 ± 6.8 | 0.013 |
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 122.2 ± 14.5 | 124.1 ± 17.9 | 126.8 ± 14.9 | 127.7 ± 16.8 | 0.021 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 78.5 ± 10.1 | 78.6 ± 12.2 | 81.8 ± 11.0 | 82.3 ± 11.6 | 0.007 |
Pulse rate (min-1) | 61.7 ± 9.6 | 62.2 ± 8.0 | 64.2 ± 10.9 | 65.4 ± 12.6 | 0.015 |
Cardio-ankle vascular index | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 0.944 |
Daily alcohol consumption (%) | 8.6 | 10.9 | 17.5 | 10.6 | 0.184 |
Smoking (%) | 6.6 | 12.7 | 17.2 | 15.9 | 0.046 |
Regular exercise (%) | 52.2 | 39.4 | 51.0 | 27.8 | < 0.001 |