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Table 1 The difference between smoking rates according to SRs and UCC (2008–2011)

From: Does South Korea have hidden female smokers: discrepancies in smoking rates between self-reports and urinary cotinine level

 

Unit: n*, %**

 

Male

Female

 

SRs (A) N 1 = 11,353

95% CI

UCC (B) n 1 = 6,618

95% CI

B-A

SRs (C) N 2 = 15,240

95% CI

UCC (D) n 2 = 7,468

95% CI

D-C

Overall

4,909 (47.8)

(45.6-48.9)

3,442 (55.1)

(53.6-55.6)

7.3

920 (7.1)

(6.5-7.6)

1,283 (18.2)

(16.8-19.6)

11.1

Age (years)

          

20 - 29

710 (50.2)

(47.3-53.1)

586 (56.5)

(53.2-59.9)

6.3

216 (11.4)

(9.5-13.2)

264 (24.9)

(21.7-28.1)

13.5

30 - 39

1,262 (59.8)

(57.5-62.1)

871 (64.7)

(61.9-67.5)

4.9

213 (8.4)

(7.3-9.6)

305 (21.8)

(19.3-24.3)

13.4

40 - 49

1,094 (49.9)

(47.4-52.4)

774 (56.6)

(53.5-59.6)

6.7

150 (5.8)

(4.8-6.8)

247 (17.5)

(15.0-19.9)

11.7

50 - 59

847 (43.7)

(41.1-46.4)

574 (49.7)

(46.5-52.9)

6.0

107 (4.7)

(3.6-5.8)

182 (13.2)

(11.0-15.4)

8.5

60 - 69

601 (33.0)

(30.3-35.7)

408 (41.5)

(37.7-45.3)

8.5

99 (4.0)

(3.1-5.0)

150 (10.7)

(8.5-12.8)

6.7

70 over

395 (26.2)

(23.4-28.9)

229 (38.3)

(33.2-43.4)

12.1

135 (6.3)

(5.0-7.5)

135 (15.6)

(12.6-18.7)

9.3

Number of household

          

1

273 (56.1)

(51.1-61.0)

186 (58.5)

(52.6-64.4)

2.4

137 (11.9)

(9.5-14.2)

121 (21.2)

(17.4-25.0)

9.3

2 over

4,636 (47.3)

(46.2-48.5)

3,256 (54.9)

(53.3-56.4)

7.6

783 (6.7)

(6.2-7.3)

1,162 (18.0)

(16.6-19.4)

11.3

Income quartile

          

Low

1,355 (53.8)

(51.5-56.2)

924 (60.3)

(57.3-63.2)

6.5

331 (10.5)

(9.2-11.8)

378 (21.4)

(19.0-23.8)

10.9

Middle low

1,272 (48.8)

(46.6-51.1)

902 (57.1)

(54.1-60.1)

8.3

242 (7.1)

(6.1-8.1)

324 (17.9)

(15.7-20.0)

10.8

Middle high

1,143 (46.4)

(44.1-48.7)

780 (53.5)

(50.5-56.4)

7.1

177 (5.7)

(4.6-6.7)

252 (15.4)

(13.1-17.7)

9.7

High

1,063 (41.8)

(39.6-44.1)

770 (49.2)

(46.3-52.1)

7.4

152 (4.9)

(3.9-5.8)

300 (17.8)

(15.3-20.4)

12.9

Residential area

          

Metro

2,152 (47.0)

(45.3-48.7)

1,487 (52.9)

(50.6-55.2)

5.9

418 (6.8)

(6.1-7.6)

563 (17.4)

(15.5-19.4)

10.6

Other urban city

1,697 (48.2)

(46.2-50.1)

1,224 (56.6)

(54.3-58.8)

8.4

338 (7.9)

(6.8-8.9)

460 (20.0)

(17.7-22.3)

12.1

Rural area

1,060 (49.1)

(46.5-51.7)

1,402 (58.0)

(54.1-61.9)

8.9

164 (6.2)

(4.9-7.5)

260 (16.8)

(13.8-19.9)

10.6

NCD ***

          

Yes

1,066 (37.9)

(35.7-40.2)

744 (46.8)

(43.8-49.8)

8.9

184 (4.6)

(3.8-5.3)

250 (12.8)

(10.8-14.8)

8.2

No

3,843 (50.6)

(49.2-51.9)

2,698 (57.2)

(55.5-58.9)

6.6

736 (7.8)

(7.1-8.5)

1,033 (19.7)

(18.1-21.2)

11.9

Cancer

          

Yes

54 (20.5)

(14.2-26.7)

46 (38.0)

(28.4-47.5)

17.5

896 (3.6)

(1.7-5.5)

29 (11.1)

(6.5-15.8)

7.5

No

4,855 (48.3)

(47.1-49.4)

3,396 (55.3)

(53.8-56.8)

7.0

24 (7.4)

(6.6-7.8)

1,254 (18.4)

(17.0-19.8)

11.0

  1. SRs, Self-reported surveys; UCC, Urinary cotinine concentration.
  2. *Unweighted number of respondents. **Weighted percentage.
  3. ***NCD: Non-Communicable Disease (physician diagnosis about hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, etc.).