| 2005 | 2010 | Source Questionnaire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | N (weighted) | % IPV | 95 % CI | X2 | N (weighted) | % IPV | 95 % CI | X2 | |
p-value | |||||||||
p-value | |||||||||
Beliefs and behaviors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Emotional violence by partner last 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Women |
  No | 1432 | 19.4 | [17.4,21.5] |  | Not |  |  |  |  |
  Yes | 105 | 84.7 | [76.4,90.5] |  | available |  |  |  |  |
Woman beat partner unprovoked last 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Women |
  No | 1535 | 23.7 | [21.6,25.9] |  | Not |  |  |  |  |
  Yes | 9 | 82.4 | [49.0,95.8] |  | available |  |  |  |  |
Woman’s father beat mother |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  |  | Women |
  No | 1028 | 20.4 | [18.1,23.0] |  | Not |  |  |  |  |
  Yes | 507 | 31.5 | [27.4,35.8] |  | available |  |  |  |  |
Partner consumes alcohol very often | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Women |
  Never or sometimes | 1358 | 19.8 | [17.8,21.9] |  | Not |  |  |  |  |
  Very often | 184 | 54.3 | [46.5,61.8] |  | available |  |  |  |  |
Partner believes a man can beat his wife | Â | Â | Â | 0.188 | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 | Men |
  0 reasons | 1196 | 23.2 | [21.0,25.7] |  | 1638 | 47.9 | [45.2,50.5] |  |  |
  1+ reasons | 347 | 26.9 | [22.2,32.3] |  | 407 | 56.1 | [51.5,60.6] |  |  |
Woman believes a man can beat his wife | Â | Â | Â | 0.108 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Women |
  0 reasons | 828 | 22.5 | [19.8,25.4] |  | 879 | 43.7 | [40.4,47.0] |  |  |
  1+ reasons | 718 | 25.9 | [22.9,29.2] |  | 1165 | 54.0 | [50.9,57.0] |  |  |
Woman involved in her own health decisions | Â | Â | Â | 0.134 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Women |
  Partner only, other | 654 | 26.1 | [22.8,29.7] |  | 553 | 56.6 | [52.0,61.0] |  |  |
  Woman involved | 892 | 22.6 | [19.9,25.6] |  | 1494 | 46.9 | [44.4,49.5] |  |  |
Woman involved with decisions about her earnings | Â | Â | Â | 0.249 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Women |
  Partner only, other | 65 | 32.5 | [23.5,43.0] |  | 224 | 64.8 | [58.0,71.1] |  |  |
  Woman involved | 217 | 26.1 | [20.3,32.8] |  | 1079 | 48.3 | [45.2,51.3] |  |  |
  No earnings | 913 | 22.7 | [20.0,25.6] |  | 534 | 45.0 | [40.7,49.4] |  |  |
  Not working | 347 | 24.8 | [20.4,29.7] |  | 206 | 51.4 | [44.9,57.9] |  |  |
Partner had sex with non-wife last 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | 0.552 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Men |
  No | 1468 | 24.0 | [21.8,26.2] |  | 1971 | 48.7 | [46.4,51.1] |  |  |
  Yes | 78 | 26.7 | [18.5,36.8] |  | 75 | 71.0 | [60.9,79.3] |  |  |
Woman says it is okay to refuse sex | Â | Â | Â | 0.709 | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 | Women |
  No | 485 | 24.7 | [21.2,28.5] |  | 445 | 55.4 | [50.3,60.3] |  |  |
  Yes | 1059 | 23.8 | [21.2,26.6] |  | 1600 | 47.9 | [45.4,50.4] |  |  |
Woman says it is okay to request use of condom | Â | Â | Â | 0.927 | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 | Women |
  No | 848 | 24.0 | [21.1,27.2] |  | 445 | 55.4 | [50.3,60.3] |  |  |
  Yes | 695 | 24.2 | [21.1,27.6] |  | 1600 | 47.9 | [45.4,50.4] |  |  |
  Socio-demographics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Woman’s age |  |  |  | 0.739 |  |  |  | 0.091 | Women |
  15–19 | 18 | 18.7 | [7.5,39.7] |  | 29 | 29.9 | [17.3,46.4] |  |  |
  20–29 | 620 | 25.4 | [22.3,28.8] |  | 870 | 48.0 | [45.0,51.0] |  |  |
  30–39 | 547 | 23.4 | [20.3,26.7] |  | 737 | 51.3 | [47.6,54.9] |  |  |
 40–49 | 361 | 23.2 | [18.5,28.8] |  | 411 | 51.0 | [45.1,57.0] |  |  |
Difference in partner and woman age | Â | Â | Â | 0.706 | Â | Â | Â | 0.638 | Women & Men |
  Woman older | 238 | 25.4 | [20.5,30.9] |  | 360 | 50.2 | [45.2,55.2] |  |  |
  Same age, partner 0–4 years older | 691 | 24.8 | [21.7,28.3] |  | 945 | 49.2 | [46.0,52.5] |  |  |
  Partner 5–9 years older | 369 | 22.0 | [18.1,26.4] |  | 477 | 51.3 | [46.6,55.9] |  |  |
  Partner 10+ years older | 248 | 23.9 | [19.2,29.5] |  | 265 | 46.5 | [40.4,52.6] |  |  |
Household wealth | Â | Â | Â | 0.516 | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 | Household |
  Top 4 quintiles | 1229 | 23.7 | [21.5,26.1] |  | 1689 | 48.2 | [45.7,50.7] |  |  |
  Bottom quintile | 317 | 25.6 | [20.7,31.1] |  | 358 | 55.8 | [50.8,60.6] |  |  |
Household residence | Â | Â | Â | 0.084 | Â | Â | Â | 0.037 | Household |
  Urban | 187 | 19.4 | [14.7,25.1] |  | 259 | 43.4 | [37.7,49.4] |  |  |
  Rural | 1360 | 24.7 | [22.5,27.2] |  | 1788 | 50.4 | [47.9,52.9] |  |  |
Polygynous couple | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Women |
  No | 1388 | 22.3 | [20.2,24.5] |  | 1926 | 48.2 | [45.9,50.5] |  |  |
  Yes | 156 | 40.2 | [32.7,48.2] |  | 116 | 70.0 | [59.7,78.6] |  |  |
Woman’s children |  |  |  | 0.040 |  |  |  | <0.001 | Women |
  Has no children | 101 | 14.1 | [8.7,22.1] |  | 138 | 30.8 | [23.1,39.7] |  |  |
  Has at least one son | 1195 | 24.9 | [22.4,27.5] |  | 1558 | 51.9 | [49.2,54.6] |  |  |
  Has daughters only | 250 | 24.5 | [20.0,29.6] |  | 351 | 46.4 | [41.6,51.2] |  |  |
Number of children <15 in household | Â | Â | Â | 0.229 | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 | Household |
  None | 95 | 16.2 | [10.4,24.4] |  | 131 | 34.2 | [27.0,42.2] |  |  |
  1 or 2 | 592 | 23.7 | [20.4,27.4] |  | 881 | 49.7 | [46.5,52.8] |  |  |
  3 or 4 | 611 | 25.8 | [22.5,29.5] |  | 763 | 51.5 | [47.9,55.2] |  |  |
  5+ | 249 | 23.7 | [18.6,29.7] |  | 272 | 50.8 | [44.3,57.2] |  |  |
Number of adults in addition to couple in household | Â | Â | Â | 0.087 | Â | Â | Â | 0.167 | Household |
  None | 1042 | 26.1 | [23.6,28.7] |  | 1343 | 50.8 | [48.3,53.3] |  |  |
  1 or 2 | 393 | 20.8 | [16.4,26.1] |  | 558 | 48.8 | [44.1,53.6] |  |  |
  3+ | 111 | 16.8 | [9.4,28.3] |  | 146 | 40.2 | [28.9,52.7] |  |  |
Partner’s employment |  |  |  | 0.628 |  |  |  | <0.001 | Men |
  Employed, for cash | 700 | 25.1 | [22.0,28.4] |  | 1630 | 47.7 | [45.1,50.3] |  |  |
  Employed, in - kind | 202 | 23.9 | [18.9,29.7] |  | 390 | 58.4 | [54.1,62.6] |  |  |
  Not working | 636 | 22.9 | [19.8,26.4] |  | 25 | 34.9 | [17.4,57.7] |  |  |
Partner’s education |  |  |  | <0.001 |  |  |  | 0.020 | Men |
  Less than secondary | 1376 | 25.6 | [23.3,28.0] |  | 1804 | 50.6 | [48.2,53.1] |  |  |
  Secondary or higher | 170 | 12.2 | [8.3,17.7] |  | 243 | 41.4 | [34.3,48.8] |  |  |
Woman’s employment |  |  |  | 0.204 |  |  |  | 0.002 | Women |
  Employed, for cash | 264 | 28.3 | [23.2,34.1] |  | 1165 | 52.9 | [49.8,55.9] |  |  |
  Employed, in - kind | 773 | 23.7 | [20.8,26.9] |  | 464 | 45.1 | [40.4,49.8] |  |  |
  Not working | 507 | 22.6 | [19.2,26.4] |  | 419 | 45.1 | [40.8,49.5] |  |  |
Woman’s education |  |  |  | 0.002 |  |  |  | 0.073 | Women |
  No school | 438 | 22.5 | [18.9,26.6] |  | 396 | 48.3 | [43.1,53.5] |  |  |
  Primary | 988 | 26.1 | [23.5,29.0] |  | 1458 | 50.8 | [48.1,53.5] |  |  |
  Secondary or higher | 121 | 13.2 | [8.6,19.6] |  | 193 | 42.1 | [35.2,49.2] |  |  |
 IPV overalla | 1546 | 24.1 | [22.0,26.3] |  | 2047 | 49.5 | [47.2,51.8] |  |  |