Table 3 Comparison of Proximal, Intermediate and Distal Determinants between Participants in Vancouver, Prince George and the Interior
Characteristic | Vancouver (n = 154) n (%) | Prince George (n = 111) n (%) | Interior (n = 26) n (%) | p-value | Total (%) (N = 291) n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proximal Determinants | |||||
Median age at enrollment, years (range) | 24 (16–30) | 23 (15–30) | 23 (16–30) | 0.024 | 24 (15–30) |
Single | 107 (69.9) | 67 (60.4) | 12 (48) | 0.280 | 186 (64.4) |
Did not complete high-school | 121 (79.1) | 84 (77.1) | 24 (92.3) | 0.220 | 229 (79.5) |
Median monthly income, dollars (range) | 558 (80–13,000) | 850 (40–10,100) | 1035 (100–5000) | 0.023 | 748 (40, 30,000) |
Survival sex, ever | 116 (76.8) | 77 (72) | 10 (38.5) | <0.001 | 203 (71.5) |
IF YES, (n = 203) | |||||
Median age of first survival sex, years (range) | 16 (11–28) | 16 (9–27) | 17 (12–23) | 0.303 | 16 (9–28) |
Survival sex, last 6 months | 89 (57.8) | 65 (58.6) | 5 (19.2) | 0.001 | 159 (54.6) |
Unstable Housing (last 6 months) | 109 (71.2) | 70 (63.1) | 13 (50) | 0.071 | 192 (66.2) |
Ever lived on the streets (>3 nights) | 116 (75.3) | 62 (56.4) | 13 (50) | 0.001 | 191 (65.9) |
Median age first left home, years (range) | 16 (8–22) | 14 (8–19) | 16 (12–21) | 0.001 | 15 (8–22) |
Median number of pregnancies (range) | 2 (1–5) | 2 (1–5) | 2 (1–5) | 0.238 | 2 (1–5) |
Median age of first pregnancy, years (range) | 17 (12–25) | 17 (10–24) | 18.16 (13–24) | 0.068 | 17 (10–25) |
Ever sexually abused | 102 (66.2) | 80 (72.1) | 15 (57.7) | 0.315 | 197 (67.7) |
IF YES, (n = 197) | |||||
Median age first sexually abused (years) (range) | 6 (1–18) | 8 (2–19) | 9 (3–20) | 0.057 | 6 (1–20) |
Child apprehended, ever | 72 (49.7) | 47 (44.3) | 8 (36.4) | 0.430 | 127 (46.5) |
Intermediate Determinants | |||||
Ever taken from biological parent | 104 (67.5) | 75 (67.6) | 11 (42.3) | 0.036 | 190 (65.3) |
IF YES, (n = 190) | |||||
Median age first taken from biological parents (range) | 4 (1–17) | 5 (0–14) | 6 (1–13) | 0.666 | 5 (0–17) |
Speak traditional language | 21 (13.6) | 22 (20) | 12 (46.2) | <0.001 | 55 (19) |
Ever been to a reserve | 121 (81.2) | 98 (89.1) | 25 (96.2) | 0.056 | 244 (85.6) |
Interested in more culturally specific treatment | 77 (50) | 72 (64.9) | 8 (32) | 0.004 | 157 (54.1) |
Substance Use Treatment, Ever | 110 (71.4) | 92 (82.9) | 22 (84.6) | 0.057 | 224 (77) |
Services used within the previous 6 months | |||||
Emergency Room Visit | 49 (31.8) | 53 (47.7) | 15 (57.7) | 0.005 | 117 (40.2) |
Admitted to Hospital | 32 (21.1) | 22 (19.8) | 9 (34.6) | 0.245 | 63 (21.8) |
Ambulance | 37 (24) | 20 (18) | 12 (46.2) | 0.010 | 69 (23) |
Counselling Services | 25 (16.2) | 39 (35.1) | 13 (50) | <0.001 | 214 (73.5) |
Food Services | 85 (55.2) | 58 (52.3) | 12 (46.2) | 0.669 | 136 (46.7) |
Visit with a Health Care Provider Visit | 77 (50) | 58 (52.3) | 13 (50) | 0.933 | 148 (50.9) |
Housing Services | 35 (22.7) | 48 (43.2) | 7 (26.9) | 0.002 | 201 (69.1) |
Needle Exchange Services | 73 (47.4) | 85 (76.6) | 4 (15.4) | <0.001 | 129 (44.3) |
Support Group Services | 9 (5.8) | 11 (9.9) | 4 (15.4) | 0.189 | 24 (8.2) |
Social Worker | 68 (44.2) | 69 (62.2) | 6 (23.1) | <0.001 | 148 (50.9) |
Denied housing due to drug use | 45 (29.4) | 24 (21.6) | 7 (26.9) | 0.363 | 76 (26.2) |
Denied service due to drug use | 37 (24) | 18 (16.2) | 6 (23.1) | 0.294 | 61 (21) |
Have barriers to accessing services | 13 (8.5) | 7 (6.3) | 4 (15.4) | 0.315 | 24 (8.3) |
Needed a service, last 6 months | 100 (65.8) | 93 (83.8) | 18 (69.2) | 0.005 | 211 (73) |
Distal Determinants | |||||
At least one parent attended Residential School | 73 (47.4) | 49 (45) | 9 (34.6) | 0.478 | 131 (45.3) |
Residential School Family History | 104 (68) | 81 (73) | 22 (84.6) | 0.198 | 207 (71.1) |
Median number of family members in Residential School (range) | 4 (1–19) | 3.5 (0–36) | 5 (0–29) | 0.648 | 3 (0–36) |
At least one caregiver with drug or alcohol addiction | 124 (81) | 87 (78.4) | 30 (76.9) | 0.813 | 231 (79.7) |
Family history of survival sex | 50 (43.1) | 39 (52) | 5 (50) | 0.474 | 94 (46.8) |