Table 1 Variables from the questionnaire of the HBSC study analyzed in this study
Sexual behavior variable | Brief description | Response options |
ECP | An item developed by the Spanish HBSC team that assesses the number of times that girls have used ECPs in their lives. | No, never, Yes, once, Yes, 2 times, and Yes, 3 times or more. |
Family dimensions | Brief description | Response rank |
Maternal and paternal knowledge | Scales taken from the parental knowledge scale of Brown, Mounts, Lamborn, and Steinberg [27], which asks adolescents what their father/mother knows about their life outside of home. | From 0 (low knowledge) to 2 (high knowledge). |
Communication with the mother and the father | Two items developed by the international HBSC study from its beginning. They assess adolescents’ perception about ease of communication with their mother/father. | From 0 (very difficult) to 3 (very easy). |
Maternal and paternal affection | Scales taken from one of the Parental Bonding Instrument-Brief Current form (PBI-BC) subscales of Klimidis, Minas, and Ata [28] that ask adolescents about how their father/mother demonstrates affection to them. | From 0 (low affection) to 2 (high affection). |
Psychological variables | Brief description | Response rank |
Life satisfaction | Taken from the Satisfaction With Life Scale [29], a scale composed of 5 items to assess global life satisfaction, one of the components of subjective well-being. | From 1 to 7 (higher values indicate higher life satisfaction). |
Sense of coherence | A version of 13 items (SOC-13) of the Orientation with Life Questionnaire [30], which assesses different aspects related to salutogenesis, an approach aimed at identifying and promoting the so-called salutogenic factors, i.e., those factors that foster health and well-being. | From 1 to 7 (higher values indicate a greater sense of coherence). |
Depression | Taken from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D12 [31], composed of 12 items that assess depressive symptoms in adolescence. | From 1 to 4 (higher values indicate higher level of depression). |