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Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with having at least one HR-HPV DNA test among women who sought cervical care through NJCEED, 2009–2015

From: Factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus test utilization and infection: a population-based study of uninsured and underinsured women

 

Proportion that ever had a HR-HPV DNA test (%)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)

Age at enrollment into NJCEED (years)

 29–39

30.8

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 40–49

28.5

0.89 (0.84–0.95)

0.83 (0.78–0.88)

  ≥ 50

23.5

0.69 (0.65–0.73)

0.63 (0.59–0.67)

Race/ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic White

21.8

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Non-Hispanic Black

25.8

1.25 (1.17–1.33)

1.38 (1.28–1.49)

 Asian/Pacific Islander

31.6

1.66 (1.52–1.80)

1.23 (1.03–1.46)

 Hispanic

28.4

1.42 (1.35–1.50)

1.54 (1.43–1.66)

Place of birth

 USA

23.6

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Central and South America

27.3

1.21 (1.15–1.27)

0.86 (0.80–0.92)

 Caribbean

27.6

1.23 (1.16–1.31)

0.91 (0.84–0.98)

 Africa

25.5

1.11 (0.95–1.31)

1.00 (0.85–1.17)

 Asia and the Middle East

32.7

1.57 (1.45–1.71)

1.61 (1.35–1.91)

 Europe, Russia and Australia and Oceania

35.3

1.76 (1.58–1.97)

2.18 (1.94–2.45)

 Other countriesa

22.7

0.95 (0.85–1.05)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

Number of cervical screening visits

 1

22.7

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 2

31.5

1.56 (1.48–1.64)

1.60 (1.52–1.69)

  ≥ 3

43.1

2.58 (2.43–2.73)

2.77 (2.61–2.94)

Proportion of residents in ZCTA who are below the FPL

 Quintile 1 (0.0–6.9%)

27.2

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Quintile 2 (7.0–10.8%)

23.3

0.79 (0.74–0.85)

0.79 (0.74–0.85)

 Quintile 3 (10.9–18.5%)

23.7

0.81 (0.76–0.87)

0.81 (0.76–0.87)

 Quintile 4 (18.7–23.7%)

21.9

0.73 (0.69–0.78)

0.77 (0.72–0.82)

 Quintile 5 (24.4–100.0%)

35.9

1.47 (1.38–1.56)

1.50 (1.41–1.61)

Proportion of minority residents in ZCTA

 Quintile 1 (0.0–26.6%)

20.0

1.00 (ref)

 

 Quintile 2 (26.7–49.0%)

24.2

1.27 (1.19–1.36)

 

 Quintile 3 (50.4–76.4%)

34.0

2.06 (1.93–2.19)

 

 Quintile 4 (76.5–87.2%)

21.4

1.09 (1.01–1.16)

 

 Quintile 5 (87.8–98.8%)

32.9

1.96 (1.84–2.09)

 

Proportion of uninsured residents in ZCTA

 Quintile 1 (0.0–13.0%)

24.4

1.00 (ref)

 

 Quintile 2 (13.1–20.3%)

22.8

0.91 (0.86–0.98)

 

 Quintile 3 (20.4–28.8%)

29.4

1.29 (1.21–1.37)

 

 Quintile 4 (29.2–37.9%)

26.3

1.11 (1.04–1.18)

 

 Quintile 5 (38.1–100.0%)

30.3

1.35 (1.27–1.43)

 

Proportion of residents in ZCTA who don’t speak English very well

 Quintile 1 (0.0–5.7%)

19.0

1.00 (ref)

 

 Quintile 2 (5.8–11.3%)

24.4

1.38 (1.29–1.47)

 

 Quintile 3 (11.4–19.1%)

29.6

1.79 (1.68–1.91)

 

 Quintile 4 (19.2–34.3%)

35.7

2.36 (2.21–2.52)

 

 Quintile 5 (34.6–51.6%)

24.8

1.41 (1.31–1.50)

 
  1. Multivariable-adjusted model was adjusted for all variables listed. Area-level measures are based on the distributions of the NJCEED study sample. We also tested the effect of including year (which was significantly associated with HR-HPV DNA testing rates, and the observed associations remained consistent, except the association between age and HR-HPV DNA testing, which showed that when year is included in the model, there was a stronger inverse association for the 40–49 years age group (OR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.40–0.52). Bolded values represent statistically significant associations (P <0.05)