Table 3 Factors associated with high-risk births at individual and community levels
Characteristic | Kenya | Zimbabwe | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empty model | Individual level aOR (95% CI) p-value | Community level aOR (95% CI) p-value | Individual & community level aOR (95% CI) p-value | Empty model | Individual level aOR (95% CI) p-value | Community level aOR (95% CI) p-value | Individual and community level aOR (95% CI) p-value | |
Fixed effects | ||||||||
Birth order continuous | 3.12 (2.39–3.32) < 0.001 | 3.14 (2.95–3.34) < 0.001 | 5.15 (4.66–5.65) < 0.001 | 5.16 (4.69–5.67) < 0.001 | ||||
Mothers age Continuous | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) < 0.001 | 1.02 (1.02–1.04) < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) < 0.001 | ||||
Modern contraceptive use | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) 0.125 | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) 0.272 | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) 0.003 | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) 0.002 | ||||
Married/living with partner | 1.07 (0.68–1.66) 0.774 | 1.05 (0.38–1.64) 0.823 | 1.20 (0.95–1.52) 0.129 | 1.20 (0.95–1.52) 0.130 | ||||
Previously married | 1.26 (0.79–2.00) 0.332 | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) 0.426 | 1.52 (1.22–1.89) < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.22–1.90) < 0.001 | ||||
Primary education | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) 0.773 | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) 0.021 | 0.41 (0.23–0.72) 0.002 | 0.42 (0.24–0.76) 0.004 | ||||
Secondary education and above | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) 0.047 | 0.62 (0.47–0.82) 0.001 | 0.20 (0.11–0.35) < 0.001 | 0.21 (0.12–0.38) < 0.001 | ||||
Employed in last 12 months | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) 0.670 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) 0.130 | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) 0.650 | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) 0.718 | ||||
Middle wealth index | 1.27 (1.06–1.53) 0.011 | 1.27 (1.06–1.53) 0.011 | 0.97 (0.80–1.15) 0.774 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) 0.871 | ||||
High wealth index | 1.05 (0.87–1.25) 0.620 | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) 0.818 | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) 0.793 | 0.98 (0.73–1.15) 0.459 | ||||
Place of residence (rural) | 1.45 (1.33–1.58) < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) 0.650 | 2.21 (1.89–2.58) < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.67–1.14) 0.244 | ||||
Illiteracy levels (high) | 1.49 (1.37–1.62) < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) 0.895 | 2.48 (0.35–22.90) 0.327 | 0.28 (0.02–3.98) 0.347 | ||||
Unemployment levels (high) | 1.11 (0.93–1.31) 0.256 | 1.09 (0.76–1.58) 0.629 | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) 0.002 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) 0.532 | ||||
Poverty levels (high) | 1.82 (1.63–2.03) < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.66–1.05) 0.153 | 1.09 (0.90–6.23) 0.925 | 0.99 (0.11–9.05) 0.991 | ||||
Random effects | ||||||||
Community level Variance | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.04) |
ICC | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
PCV | REF | 28% | 74% | 46% | REF | 80% | 80% | 85% |
Model fit stats | ||||||||
Log-likelihood | −13,540 | − 3102 | −13,127 | − 3075 | − 5710 | − 2649 | − 5590 | − 2637 |
AIC | 27,083 | 6228 | 26,281 | 6196 | 11,424 | 5321 | 11,210 | 5323 |