Table 4 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis of IPV and skilled delivery care utilization
Study | Sample size | Study location | Study setting | Types of violence | IPV exposure time | IPV assessment scale | NOS quality score | Confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[13] | 975 | Kenya | Community /Kenya DHS | emotional, sexual, and physical IPV | Ever in current relationship | DHS tool | 5 | Women’s education, wealth index, residence, number of antenatal visits, and parity |
[15] | 858 | Uganda | Community /Uganda DHS | physical and sexual IPV | Prior year | Conflict Tactic scale | 5 | Women’s education, economic empowerment of women, partner education, wealth index, number of children, ANC visit, women’s ability to negotiate condom /avoid sex. |
[24] | 210 | Ethiopia | Community /Primary survey | Physical, Sexual, emotional, partner control | Ever in current relationship | WHO tool | 6 | women’s age, couple’s age gap, women’s educational status, partner’s educational status, women’s decision-making autonomy, women’s employment status, women’s weekly mass media exposure, couple’s relationship duration and household monthly income |
[27] | 294 | Timor-Leste | Community /Timor-Leste DHS | IPV general | Ever in current relationship | DHS tool | 4 | Age of the women, women’s education, and wealth. |
[29] | 18,507 | Multi country | Community/DHS | Physical | Lifetime | DHS tool | 3 | Women’s age, partner’s age, marital status, residency, house hold wealth index, women’s education, partner’s education, women’s having job, partner having job |
[30] | 17,412 | Nigeria | Community / Nigeria DHS | Physical, sexual, emotional | Ever IPV in any relation since 15 years of age | Conflict Tactic scale | 6 | Women’s age, women’s education, husband’s education, employment status, women’s autonomy, parity, access to media, household wealth, household size, place of residency. |
[28] | 2001 | Bangladesh | Community / Bangladesh DHS | Physical, sexual, combined IPV | Lifetime | Conflict tactic scale | 5 | Women’s age, women’s education, husband’s education, women’s decision-making and freedom of movement autonomy, women’s occupation, residence, religion, frequency of mass media exposure, parity, pregnancy intentions, and wealth index category |