Table 1 Participants characteristics by maternal nutritional and low birth weight status
Characteristics | Maternal nutritional status | Birth Weight | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Under-nourished (BMI < 18.5) | Well-nourished (BMI ≥ 18.5) | p-value | Low birth weight (LBW) | Normal birth weight (NBW) | p-value | |
n = 5483 | n = 21874 | N = 1679 | N = 7555 | |||
Women’s age, Mean (SD) yrs | 29.5 (9.6) | 31.4 (9.0) | < 0.001 | 25.3 (6.3) | 25.4 (6.0) | 0.694 |
Maternal Undernutrition n (%) | – | – | 528 (31.4) | 1898 (25.1) | < 0.001 | |
Women’s education, n (%) | ||||||
No education | 1754 (32.0) | 5070 (23.2) | 358 (21.3) | 1269 (16.8) | ||
Primary | 1862 (34.0) | 6498 (29.7) | 547 (32.6) | 2234 (29.6) | ||
Secondary | 1699 (31.0) | 8176 (37.4) | 670 (39.9) | 3349 (44.3) | ||
Higher | 168 (3.1) | 2130 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 104 (6.2) | 703 (9.3) | < 0.001 |
Currently working women, n (%) | 1002 (18.3) | 4621 (21.1) | < 0.001 | 233 (13. 9) | 1083 (14.3) | 0.662 |
Husband’s education, n (%) | ||||||
No education | 2174 (39.7) | 5883 (26.9) | 535 (31.9) | 1978 (26.2) | ||
Primary | 1762 (32.1) | 5947 (27.2) | 531 (31.6) | 2270 (30.1) | ||
Secondary | 1237 (22.6) | 6451 (29.5) | 435 (25.9) | 2223 (29.4) | ||
Higher | 309 (5.6) | 3586 (16.4) | < 0.001 | 177 (10.5) | 1079 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Parity, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (1, 3) | < 0.001 | 2 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.939 |
No. of antenatal visits, Median (IQR) | – | – | – | 1 (0, 3) | 2 (0, 4) | < 0.001 |
Undesired pregnancy, n (%) | – | – | – | 525 (31.3) | 2155 (28.5) | 0.027 |
Female infant, n (%) | – | – | – | 908 (54.1) | 3565 (47.2) | < 0.001 |
Wealth quintiles, n (%) | ||||||
Quintile 1 (Lowest) | 1711 (31.2) | 3363 (15.4) | 441 (26.3) | 1633 (21.6) | ||
Quintile 2 | 1370 (25.0) | 3917 (17.9) | 370 (22.0) | 1466 (19.4) | ||
Quintile 3 | 1101 (20.1) | 4262 (19.5) | 298 (17.7) | 1423 (18.8) | ||
Quintile 4 | 860 (15.7) | 4714 (21.5) | 297 (17.7) | 1500 (19.8) | ||
Quintile 5 (Highest) | 441 (8.0) | 5618 (25.7) | < 0.001 | 273 (16.3) | 1533 (20.3) | < 0.001 |
Rural residency, n (%) | 4177 (76.2) | 13459 (61.5) | < 0.001 | 1153 (68.7) | 5023 (66.5) | 0.090 |
Year of interview, n (%) | ||||||
2011 | 3136 (57.2) | 10703 (48.9) | 1026 (61.1) | 4783 (63.3) | ||
2014 | 2347 (42.8) | 11171 (51.1) | < 0.001 | 653 (38.9) | 2772 (36.7) | 0.097 |
Household had sanitary toilet, n (%) | 2674 (52.2) | 14418 (69.9) | < 0.001 | 873 (56.3) | 4294 (62.0) | < 0.001 |
Toilet shared with other household, n (%) | 1897 (39.4) | 6534 (32.6) | < 0.001 | 624 (42.2) | 2577 (38.6) | 0.011 |