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Table 1 Groups’ characteristics (N = 267)

From: Are there associations between religious affiliation and drive for muscularity? A cross-sectional survey of young Muslim women, Christian women and atheist women from Germany

Variable

Veiled Muslim women (n = 70)

Unveiled Muslim women (n = 50)

Christian women (n = 79)

Atheist women (n = 68)

Group comparison

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

F

df

p

ηp2

Mean age (in years)

22.01c,d

3.58

22.30c

5.42

25.13a,b

5.71

24.44a

4.30

7.08

3

 < .001**

0.08

Mean body mass indexe

23.35

4.03

23.43

4.55

23.05

4.91

22.43

3.55

0.71

3

.545

0.01

Number of participants

Born in Germanyf

55c,d (78.6%)

40c (80.0%)

73a,b (92.4%)

63a (92.7%)

χ2 = 20.63

 < .001**

 

With a current relationship

16c,d (22.9%)

18c,d (36.0%)

47a,b (59.5%)

38a,b (55.9%)

χ2 = 25.49

 < .001**

 

Number of childreng

0.13

0.51

0.16

0.58

0.34d

0.82

0.04c

0.27

3.36

3

.019*

0.04

Highest qualification: Number of participants with

        

H(3) = 17.20

.001*

η2 = 0.06

Intermediate school degree

9 (12.9%)

10 (20.0%)

9 (11.4%)

0 (0%)

    

High school degree

46 (65.7%)

24 (48.0%)

53 (67.1%)

38 (55.9%)

    

University degree

12 (17.1%)

14 (28.0%)

17 (21.5%)

28 (41.2%)

    

Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaireh

Restraint

0.96

1.00

1.32

1.42

1.45

1.36

1.39

1.34

2.14

3

.096

0.03

Eating concern

0.52

0.82

0.92

1.16

0.72

0.84

0.76

1.01

1.81

3

.146

0.02

Shape concern

1.68

1.41

2.29

1.70

2.20

1.52

2.15

1.43

2.15

3

.095

0.02

Weight concern

1.42

1.19

1.96

1.54

2.04

1.43

1.85

1.41

2.78

3

.042

0.03

  1. **p < .001; *p < .05
  2. aDiffer significantly from veiled Muslim women (p < .05)
  3. bDiffer significantly from unveiled Muslim women (p < .05)
  4. cDiffer significantly from Christian women (p < .05)
  5. dDiffer significantly from atheist women (p < .05)
  6. eOne unveiled Muslim woman did not report her weight
  7. fOne unveiled Muslim woman, five Christian women, and two atheist women did not report their country of birth
  8. gOne veiled Muslim woman did not report her number of children
  9. hOne unveiled Muslim woman was not included in the analysis because of missing data