Association between intimate partner violence and the use of maternal health care services among married Malawian women

Table 3 Association of intimate partner violence and maternal health care services (unadjusted estimates)

	ANC visits	ANC timing	Institutional deliveries	Skilled assistance during delivery	PNC within 2 days after delivery
Variables	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Physical violence^a	0.74 (0.18–3.01)	1.02 (0.77–1.33)	0.68 (0.42–1.10)	0.75 (0.50–1.14)	0.91 (0.64–1.29)
Sexual violence^b	–^e	0.79 (0.58–1.07)	0.98 (0.61–1.57)	0.85 (0.55–1.31)	1.09 (0.74–1.59)
Emotional violence^c	0.27 (0.05–1.53)	1.03 (0.80–1.33)	0.70 (0.45–1.07)	0.68 (0.46–1.01)	1.03 (0.75–1.42)
IPV (composite) ^d	0.32 (0.08–1.32)	0.93 (0.74–1.18)	0.58 (0.40–0.85)	0.59 (0.42–0.82)	0.94 (0.71–1.25)

IPV intimate partner violence, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ANC antenatal care, PNC postnatal care
^aReference; no physical violence
^bReference; no sexual violence
^cReference; no emotional violence
^dReference; no any violence experienced
^eThere were no samples in those who experienced sexual violence and those that had adequate ANC visits

ISSN: 1472-6874