Table 2 Adjusted odds ratio of harmful alcohol use and current smoking using generalized estimating equation models, 2,150 mothers and their partners of Panel Study on Korean Children, 2008–2011
Covariates | Odds ratios (95% Confidence intervals)b | |
|---|---|---|
Harmful alcohol drinking | ||
Mothers | Fathers | |
Baseline year, 2008 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Linear effect of year | 1.48 (1.22, 1.78) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.11) |
Age ≥ 35 years | 1.18 (0.60, 2.30) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) |
Preterm birth | 0.73 (0.16, 3.33) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.29) |
Highest education | ||
High-school or lower | 2.52 (1.43, 4.45) | 1.26 (1.03, 1.54) |
College/University | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Time-varying covariates | ||
Employment | ||
Employed | 1.59 (0.97, 2.59) | – |
Unemployed/housewife | 1.00 (reference) | – |
Monthly household incomea | ||
< 3,442 USD | 1.42 (0.35, 5.84) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.90) |
3,442–6,885 USD | 1.22 (0.28, 5.43) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.86) |
> 6,885 USD | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Current smoking | 7.44 (3.00, 18.45) | 2.33 (1.97, 2.75) |
Harmful use of alcohol | – | – |
Plan for childbirth | 1.03 (0.60, 1.76) | – |
Psychological stress related with childcare | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | – |
Harmful use of alcohol of partner | 2.66 (1.57, 4.49) | 1.87 (1.23, 2.84) |
Smoking of partner | 1.40 (0.74, 2.62) | 1.10 (0.65, 1.85) |