Table 2 Loneliness, individual and family, and community variables (N = 492)
Total | Low | High | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Social network (isolated) | Social network (non-isolated) | |||
n or (%) | n or (%) | n or (%) | ||
Mean ± or SD | Mean ± or SD | Mean ± or SD | ||
N (%) | 492 (100.0) | 171 (100.0) | 321 (100.0) | |
Loneliness | ||||
UCLA LS3-SF10 | 19.2 ± 5.4 | 22.3 ± 5.6 | 17.6 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
Individual and family factors | ||||
Number of parenting and life concerns | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 0.007 |
Children’s toileting problems | 111 (22.6) | 49 (28.7) | 62 (19.3) | 0.017 |
How to play with and pamper the child | 83 (16.9) | 37 (21.6) | 46 (14.3) | 0.037 |
Financial worries | 119 (24.2) | 55 (32.2) | 64 (19.9) | 0.002 |
Balancing work and childcare | 151 (30.7) | 64 (37.4) | 87 (27.1) | 0.017 |
Health behaviors of mothers | ||||
Not sufficient rest from sleep | 254 (51.6) | 101 (59.1) | 153 (47.7) | 0.013 |
No exercise habit | 431 (87.6) | 146 (85.4) | 285 (88.8) | 0.439 |
Smoking | 17 (3.5) | 5 (2.9) | 12 (3.7) | 0.646 |
Not eating breakfast every day | 92 (18.7) | 32 (18.7) | 60 (18.7) | 0.972 |
Drink alcohol every day | 28 (5.7) | 10 (5.8) | 18 (5.6) | 0.901 |
Partners’ supportive behaviors scale | ||||
Emotional support | 41.8 ± 8.8 | 41.0 ± 9.0 | 42.2 ± 8.7 | 0.187 |
Household and childcare | 45.9 ± 8.7 | 45.2 ± 8.4 | 46.2 ± 8.9 | 0.258 |
Total partners’ supportive behaviors | 87.7 ± 15.2 | 86.3 ± 15.6 | 88.4 ± 15.2 | 0.135 |
Community factors | ||||
Interest in interacting with neighbors | ||||
No | 180 (36.6) | 84 (49.1) | 96 (29.9) | < 0.001 |
Desire to interact with neighbors | ||||
No | 209 (42.5) | 92 (53.8) | 117 (36.4) | < 0.001 |
Not greeting their neighbors | 23 (4.7) | 7 (4.1) | 16 (5.0) | 0.003 |
Number of community childcare resources used | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 0.030 |
Community child rearing support center | 236 (48.0) | 94 (55.0) | 142 (44.2) | 0.023 |
Comprehensive community support center | 173 (35.2) | 48 (28.1) | 125 (38.9) | 0.016 |
Volunteer-sponsored park play | 82 (16.7) | 17 (9.9) | 65 (20.2) | 0.003 |
Parent–child group | 72 (14.6) | 14 (8.2) | 58 (18.1) | 0.003 |
Number of people to consult about parenting | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Talk to parents | 402 (81.7) | 125 (73.1) | 277 (86.3) | < 0.001 |
Talk to friends | 356 (72.4) | 90 (52.6) | 266 (82.9) | < 0.001 |
Consulted with family doctor | 241 (49.0) | 60 (35.1) | 181 (56.4) | < 0.001 |
Community commitment scale | 13.0 ± 4.3 | 11.7 ± 4.1 | 13.6 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Socializing | 6.6 ± 2.6 | 6.0 ± 2.6 | 6.9 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 |
Belonging | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 |