Table 3 Relationship between loneliness and demographics and individual, family, and community factors (N = 492)
n | Correlation r or Mean ± SD | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age (yrs) | 482 | 0.073 | 0.107 | |
Age of children eligible for health screening | ||||
0 years old | 178 | 19.2 ± 5.5 | 0.491 | |
1 years old | 163 | 18.9 ± 5.5 | ||
2 years old | 8 | 17.6 ± 5.4 | ||
3 years old | 137 | 19.7 ± 5.3 | ||
Employment status | ||||
Housewives | 217 | 19.7 ± 5.7 | 0.262 | |
Full-time office workers | 174 | 18.4 ± 4.8 | ||
Part-time workers | 58 | 19.2 ± 5.3 | ||
Contract/temporary workers | 20 | 19.5 ± 6.3 | ||
Self-employed | 14 | 20.4 ± 6.2 | ||
Others | 7 | 20.4 ± 5.4 | ||
Number of years of residence | ||||
< 1 year | 54 | 19.6 ± 4.8 | 0.015 | |
1≦ and < 5 years | 220 | 19.9 ± 5.8 | ||
5≦ and < 10 years | 99 | 19.0 ± 5.2 | ||
Over 10 years | 116 | 17.9 ± 5.0 | ||
Individual and family factors | ||||
Number of parenting and life concerns | 491 | 0.338 | < 0.001 | |
Illness and developmental problems | Yes | 83 | 21.2 ± 6.3 | 0.002 |
No | 408 | 18.8 ± 5.1 | ||
Food-related problems | Yes | 155 | 20.1 ± 5.9 | 0.010 |
No | 335 | 18.8 ± 5.1 | ||
Sleep problems | Yes | 89 | 20.4 ± 5.4 | 0.028 |
No | 401 | 19.0 ± 5.4 | ||
How to play with and pamper the child | Yes | 83 | 22.2 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 |
No | 408 | 18.6 ± 5.2 | ||
Discipline problems | Yes | 238 | 20.2 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
No | 253 | 18.3 ± 5.0 | ||
Children’s toileting problems | Yes | 111 | 20.8 ± 6.2 | 0.001 |
No | 380 | 18.8 ± 5.1 | ||
Financial worries | Yes | 119 | 21.5 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
No | 369 | 18.4 ± 5.1 | ||
Family problems | Yes | 100 | 22.3 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
No | 389 | 18.4 ± 5.0 | ||
Balancing work and childcare | Yes | 151 | 20.4 ± 5.2 | 0.002 |
No | 339 | 18.7 ± 5.4 | ||
Health behaviors of mothers | ||||
Not sufficient rest from sleep | Yes | 254 | 20.2 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
No | 237 | 18.2 ± 5.0 | ||
No exercise habit | Yes | 431 | 19.4 ± 5.3 | 0.031 |
No | 59 | 17.8 ± 5.8 | ||
Smoking | Yes | 17 | 21.1 ± 6.8 | 0.142 |
No | 474 | 19.2 ± 5.4 | ||
Not eating breakfast every day | Yes | 92 | 20.6 ± 6.0 | 0.006 |
No | 399 | 18.9 ± 5.2 | ||
Drinking alcohol every day | Yes | 28 | 20.3 ± 5.9 | 0.268 |
No | 463 | 19.2 ± 5.4 | ||
Partners’ supportive behaviors for household duties and childcare | 477 | − 0.360 | <0.001 | |
Community factors | ||||
Number of people to consult about parenting | 492 | − 0.250 | < 0.001 | |
Consulted with family doctor | Yes | 241 | 18.0 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 |
No | 251 | 20.4 ± 5.6 | ||
Ask for advice online | Yes | 76 | 20.6 ± 5.9 | 0.012 |
No | 416 | 19.0 ± 5.3 | ||
Community commitment | 486 | − 0.301 | < 0.001 |