Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the number of parity: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Number of participants

180

614

640

1118

Continuous variables, mean ± SD

Age (years)

36.46 ± 7.99

38.34 ± 6.75

42.14 ± 7.69

50.53 ± 8.07

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

26.59 ± 4.27

27.44 ± 4.40

28.39 ± 4.43

29.59 ± 4.54

< 0.001

WC (cm)

84.48 ± 10.52

85.74 ± 10.63

88.51 ± 10.78

93.80 ± 11.15

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

110.66 ± 13.84

112.53 ± 13.09

116.31 ± 15.91

125.00 ± 19.93

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

74.44 ± 8.98

76.58 ± 9.23

78.43 ± 9.98

81.17 ± 10.82

< 0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

4.90 ± 0.50

4.92 ± 0.54

4.95 ± 0.53

5.11 ± 0.55

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.18 ± 0.25

1.16 ± 0.27

1.14 ± 0.28

1.15 ± 0.30

0.316

TG (mmol/L)

1.25 (0.97)

1.41 (1.02)

1.62 (1.13)

1.84 (1.27)

< 0.001

TG/HDL-C

1.06 (1.02)

1.21 ± 1.12

1.48 ± 1.37

1.67 ± 1.49

< 0.001

Categorical variables, n (%)

Smoking status

0.032

 Never or former smoker

166 (92.2%)

579 (94.3%)

613 (95.8%)

1078 (96.4%)

 Current smoker

14 (7.8%)

35 (5.7%)

27 (4.2%)

40 (3.6%)

Education level, years

< 0.001

 ≤ 12

146 (81.1%)

542 (88.3%)

614 (95.9%)

1097 (98.1%)

 > 12

34 (18.9%)

72 (11.7%)

26 (4.1%)

21 (1.9%)

Low physical activity, yes

135 (75.0%)

415 (67.6%)

475 (74.2%)

833 (74.5%)

0.027

Family history of DM, yes

47 (26.1%)

174 (28.3%)

191 (29.8%)

293 (26.2%)

0.259

Antihypertensive medications, yes

4 (2.2%)

23 (3.7%)

31 (4.8%)

159 (14.2%)

< 0.001

Lipid-lowering medications, yes

3 (1.7%)

10 (1.6%)

19 (3.0%)

64 (5.7%)

< 0.001

History of macrosomia, yes

1 (0.6%)

34 (5.5%)

57 (8.9%)

141 (12.6%)

< 0.001

History of preeclampsia, yes

12 (6.7%)

51 (8.3%)

48 (7.5%)

71 (6.4%)

0.140

OCP use, yes

14 (7.8%)

60 (9.8%)

45 (7.0%)

32 (2.9%)

< 0.001