Table 3 Bivariate associations between specific postmigration stressors (PMLDs) on depression, anxiety and PTSD
|  |  | Depression (n = 507) | Anxiety (n = 503) | Post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 506) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 507) | Participants not meeting depression criteria (n = 188) | Participants meeting depression criteria (n = 319) | Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test | Participants not meeting anxiety criteria (n = 214) | Participants meeting anxiety criteria (n = 289) | Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test | Participants not meeting PTSD criteria (n = 171) | Participants meeting PTSD criteria (n = 335) | Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test | |
n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | n(%) or \({\overline{\text{x}}}\) (SD) | ||||
Poverty (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Big/very big problem | 401 (79.09) | 125 (66.49) | 276 (86.52) | p < 0.001 | 146 (68.22) | 252 (87.20) | p < 0.001 | 108 (63.16) | 293 (87.46) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 106 (20.91) | 63 (33.51) | 43 (13.48) |  | 68 (31.78) | 37 (12.80) |  | 63 (36.84) | 42 (12.54) |  |
Fears of forced return to Syria (%) n = 506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 399 (78.85) | 145 (77.13) | 254 (79.87) | p < 0.465 | 164 (76.64) | 231 (80.21) | p < 0.334 | 123 (71.93) | 275 (82.34) | p = 0.007 |
 No/moderate problem | 107 (21.15) | 43 (22.87) | 64 (20.13) |  | 50 (23.36) | 57 (19.79) |  | 48 (28.07) | 59 (17.66) |  |
Worries about not getting treatment for health problem (%) n = 506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 377 (74.51) | 120 (63.83) | 257 (80.82) | p < 0.001 | 139 (65.26) | 236 (81.66) | p < 0.001 | 99 (57.89) | 278 (83.23) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 129 (25.49) | 68 (36.17) | 61 (19.18) |  | 74 (34.74) | 53 (18.34) |  | 72 (42.11) | 56 (16.77) |  |
Worry of family in Syria (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Big/very big problem | 372 (73.37) | 119 (63.30) | 253 (79.31) | p < 0.001 | 135 (63.08) | 235 (81.31) | p < 0.001 | 99 (57.89) | 273 (81.49) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 135 (26.63) | 69 (36.70) | 66 (20.69) |  | 79 (36.92) | 54 (18.69) |  | 72 (42.11) | 62 (18.51) |  |
Unable to return home in emergency (%) n = 506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 365 (72.13) | 114 (60.64) | 251 (78.93) | p < 0.001 | 132 (61.68) | 230 (79.86) | p < 0.001 | 93 (54.39) | 272 (81.44) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 141 (27.87) | 74 (39.36) | 67 (21.07) |  | 82 (38.32) | 58 (20.14) |  | 78 (45.61) | 62 (18.56) |  |
Not being able to find work (%) n = 504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 361 (71.63) | 119 (63.30) | 242 (76.58) | p = 0.001 | 136 (63.55) | 224 (78.32) | p < 0.001 | 103 (60.59) | 258 (77.48) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 143 (28.37) | 69 (36.70) | 74 (23.42) |  | 78 (36.45) | 62 (21.68) |  | 67 (39.41) | 75 (22.52) |  |
Poor access to schooling for children (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Big/very big problem | 318 (62.72) | 101 (53.72) | 217 (68.03) | p = 0.001 | 118 (55.14) | 199 (86.78) | p = 0.002 | 81 (47.37) | 237 (70.75) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate Problem | 189 (37.28) | 87 (46.28) | 102 (31.97) |  | 96 (44.86) | 90 (31.14) |  | 90 (52.63) | 98 (29.25) |  |
Loneliness and boredom (%) n = 506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 289 (57.11) | 61 (32.45) | 228 (71.70) | p < 0.001 | 83 (38.79) | 203 (70.49) | p < 0.001 | 55 (32.16) | 234 (70.06) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 217 (42.89) | 127 (67.55) | 90 (28.30) |  | 131 (61.21) | 85 (29.51) |  | 116 (67.84) | 100 (29.94) |  |
Isolation (%) n = 503 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 251 (49.90) | 54 (29.03) | 197 (62.15) | p < 0.001 | 73 (34.27) | 176 (61.54) | p < 0.001 | 52 (30.41) | 199 (60.12) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 252 (50.10) | 132 (70.97) | 120 (37.85) |  | 140 (65.73) | 110 (38.46) |  | 119 (69.59) | 132 (39.88) |  |
Family separation (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Big/very big problem | 248 (48.92) | 72 (38.30) | 176 (55.17) | p < 0.001 | 84 (39.25) | 162 (56.06) | p < 0.001 | 61 (35.67) | 187 (55.82) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 259 (51.08) | 116 (61.70) | 143 (44.83) |  | 130 (60.75) | 127 (43.94) |  | 110 (64.33) | 148 (44.18) |  |
Poor access to psychological services (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Big/very big problem | 194 (38.26) | 41 (21.81) | 153 (47.96) | p < 0.001 | 53 (24.77) | 141 (48.79) | p < 0.001 | 34 (19.88) | 160 (47.76) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 313 (61.74) | 147 (78.19) | 166 (52.04) |  | 161 (75.23) | 148 (51.21) |  | 137 (80.12) | 175 (52.24) |  |
Discrimination (%) n = 506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 82 (16.17) | 14 (7.45) | 68 (21.32) | p < 0.001 | 20 (9.35) | 59 (20.42) | p = 0.001 | 9 (5.29) | 73 (21.79) | p < 0.001 |
 No/moderate problem | 425 (83.83) | 174 (92.55) | 251 (78.68) |  | 194 (90.65) | 229 (79.58) |  | 162 (94.74) | 262 (78.21) |  |
Immigration application challenges (%) n = 505 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 80 (15.84) | 23 (12.30) | 57 (17.92) | p = 0.095 | 31 (14.55) | 49 (17.01) | p = 0.457 | 18 (10.59) | 62 (18.56) | p = 0.021 |
 No/moderate problem | 425 (84.16) | 164 (87.70) | 261 (82.08) |  | 182 (85.45) | 239 (82.99) |  | 152 (89.41) | 272 (81.44) |  |
Communication (%) n = 506 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Big/very big problem | 32 (6.32) | 7 (3.74) | 25 (7.84) | p = 0.068 | 7 (3.29) | 25 (8.65) | p = 0.015 | 1 (0.59) | 31 (9.25) | p < 0.001a |
 No/moderate problem | 474 (93.68) | 180 (96.26) | 294 (92.16) |  | 206 (96.71) | 264 (91.35) |  | 169 (99.41) | 304 (90.75) |  |