Table 4 Relation between sociodemographic and total violence before and after COVID-19
From: Domestic violence against married women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt
Sociodemographic data | Total exposure to violence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | post | |||||
Minimal (n = 1173) | Moderate to high (n = 895) | p | Minimal (n = 1252) | Moderate high (n = 815) | p | |
Age groups of women | ||||||
20–30 y | 251 (21.4%) | 354 (39.6%) | 0.0001* | 252 (20.1%) | 352 (43.2%) | 0.0001* |
31–40 y | 791 (67.4%) | 496 (55.4%) | 864 (69%) | 423 (51.9%) | ||
41–50 year | 110 (9.4%) | 22 (2.5%) | 118 (9.4%) | 14 (1.7%) | ||
> 51 year | 21 (1.8%) | 23 (2.6%) | 18 (1.4%) | 26 (3.2%) | ||
Residence | ||||||
In Egypt | 943 (80.4%) | 465 (52%) | 0.0001* | 999 (79.8%) | 409 (50.2%) | 0.0001* |
Abroad | 230 (19.6%) | 430 (48%) | 253 (20.2%) | 406 (49.8%) | ||
Geographical region | ||||||
Town | 1076 (91.7%) | 365 (40.8%) | 0.0001* | 1124 (89.8%) | 317 (38.9%) | 0.0001* |
Village | 97 (8.3%) | 530 (59.2%) | 128 (10.2%) | 498 (61.1%) | ||
Women’s education | ||||||
Primary and preparatory | 0 (0%) | 132 (14.7%) | 0.0001* | 0 (0%) | 132 (16.2%) | 0.0001* |
Secondary | 66 (5.6%) | 341 (38.1%) | 49 (3.9%) | 357 (43.8%) | ||
University | 503 (42.9%) | 201 (22.5%) | 510 (40.7%) | 194 (23.8%) | ||
Postgraduate | 604 (51.5%) | 221 (24.7%) | 693 (55.4%) | 132 (16.2%) | ||
Women’s job | ||||||
Housewife | 229 (19.5%) | 398 (44.5%) | 0.0001* | 227 (18.1%) | 399 (49%) | 0.0001* |
Worker | 99 (8.4%) | 132 (14.7%) | 82 (6.5%) | 149 (18.3%) | ||
Free business | 77 (6.6%) | 11 (1.2%) | 66 (5.3%) | 22 (2.7%) | ||
Governmental work | 691 (58.9%) | 310 (34.6%) | 778 (62.1%) | 223 (27.4%) | ||
Private wok | 77 (6.6%) | 44 (4.9%) | 99 (7.9%) | 22 (2.7%) | ||
Women’s age at marriage | ||||||
19–25 year | 783 (66.9%) | 805 (89.9%) | 0.0001* | 832 (66.6%) | 755 (92.6%) | 0.0001* |
26–33 year | 377 (32.2%) | 90 (10.1%) | 407 (32.6%) | 60 (7.4%) | ||
> 33 year | 11 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Length of marriage | ||||||
< 1 year | 11 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.0001* | 11 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.0001* |
1–5 year | 185 (15.8%) | 134 (15%) | 197 (15.7%) | 122 (15%) | ||
6–10 year | 428 (36.5%) | 353 (39.4%) | 456 (36.4%) | 324 (39.8%) | ||
10–15 year | 407 (34.7%) | 362 (40.4%) | 441 (35.2%) | 328 (40.2%) | ||
> 15 year | 142 (12.1%) | 46 (5.1%) | 147 (11.7%) | 41 (5%) | ||
Husband’s age at marriage | ||||||
23–28 year | 668 (57.4%) | 278 (31.1%) | 0.0001* | 700 (56.4%) | 246 (30.2%) | 0.0001* |
29–34 year | 473 (40.7%) | 595 (66.5%) | 509 (41%) | 558 (68.5%) | ||
> 35 year | 22 (1.9%) | 22 (2.5%) | 33 (2.7%) | 11 (1.3%) | ||
Children number | ||||||
No children | 33 (2.8%) | 132 (14.7%) | 0.0001* | 44 (3.5%) | 121 (14.8%) | 0.0001* |
1–3 child | 1064 (90.7%) | 586 (65.5%) | 1134 (90.6%) | 515 (63.2%) | ||
> 4child | 76 (6.5%) | 177 (19.8%) | 74 (5.9%) | 179 (22%) | ||
Husband’s education | ||||||
Primary and preparatory | 66 (5.6%) | 44 (4.9%) | 0.0001* | 49 (3.9%) | 61 (7.5%) | 0.0001* |
Secondary | 0 (0%) | 440 (49.2%) | 0 (0%) | 439 (53.9%) | ||
University | 602 (51.3%) | 267 (29.8%) | 615 (49.1%) | 254 (31.2%) | ||
Postgraduate | 505 (43.1%) | 144 (16.1%) | 588 (47%) | 61 (7.5%) | ||
Husband’s job | ||||||
No work | 0 (0%) | 22 (2.5%) | 0.0001* | 7 (0.6%) | 15 (1.8%) | 0.0001* |
Worker | 66 (5.6%) | 462 (51.6%) | 57 (4.6%) | 470 (57.7%) | ||
Free business | 121 (10.3%) | 99 (11.1%) | 126 (10.1%) | 94 (11.5%) | ||
Governmental work | 559 (47.7%) | 255 (28.5%) | 614 (49%) | 200 (24.5%) | ||
Private wok | 427 (36.4%) | 57 (6.4%) | 448 (35.8%) | 36 (4.4%) | ||
Tobacco use | ||||||
Yes | 395 (33.7%) | 584 (65.3%) | 0.0001* | 382 (30.5%) | 596 (73.1%) | 0.0001* |
No | 778 (66.3%) | 311 (34.7%) | 870 (69.5%) | 219 (26.9%) | ||
Alcohol or drug use | ||||||
Yes | 77 (6.6%) | 165 (18.4%) | 0.0001* | 60 (4.8%) | 182 (22.3%) | 0.0001* |
No | 1096 (93.4%) | 730 (81.6%) | 1192 (95.2%) | 633 (77.7%) | ||
Family income | ||||||
Not enough | 66 (5.6%) | 308 (34.4%) | 0.0001* | 49 (3.9%) | 324 (39.8%) | 0.0001* |
Essentials | 163 (13.9%) | 244 (27.3%) | 158 (12.6%) | 249 (30.6%) | ||
Essentials and luxuries | 483 (41.2%) | 78 (8.7%) | 500 (39.9%) | 61 (7.5%) | ||
Essentials, luxuries and save | 461 (39.3%) | 265 (29.6%) | 545 (43.5%) | 181 (22.2%) | ||
Family income affected by corona | ||||||
Not affected | 462 (39.4%) | 418 (46.7%) | 0.0001* | 508 (40.6%) | 372 (45.6%) | 0.02* |
Decreased | 711 (60.6%) | 477 (53.3%) | 744 (59.4%) | 443 (54.4%) | ||