Table 2 Study participants’ characteristics with bivariate and multivariable odds ratio for VIA positivity
Variable | All n (%) | VIA positive na (%) | VIA negative na (%) | VIA positivity BVA Odds Ratios (95% CI) | P-value | VIA Positivity MVA Odds Ratios (95% CI) | P-value for χ2 test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group | 5714 | 1959 (34.3) | 3755 (65.7) | ||||
25–29 years | 1029 (18.0) | 428 (41.6) | 601 (58.4) | 1.47 (1.28, 1.69) | < 0.001b | 1.48 (1.28, 1.72) | < 0.001b |
30–49 years | 4685 (82.0) | 1531 (32.7) | 3154 (67.3) | Ref | |||
Smoker | 5661 | 1937 (34.2) | 3724 (65.8) | ||||
No | 5376 (94.1) | 1825 (33.9) | 3551 (66.1) | Ref | |||
Yes | 285 (5.0) | 112 (39.3) | 173 (60.7) | 1.27 (1.00, 1.62) | 0.053 | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 0.31 |
Missing | 53 (0.9) | ||||||
Age sexual debut | 5689 | 1950 (34.3) | 3739 (65.7) | ||||
≤ 18 | 3150 (55.1) | 1075 (34.1) | 2075 (65.9) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.10) | 0.79 | N/A | N/A |
> 18 | 2539 (44.4) | 875 (34.5) | 1664 (65.5) | Ref | |||
Missing | 25 (0.5) | ||||||
Parity | 5612 | 1924 (34.3) | 3688 (65.7) | ||||
≤ 2 | 3223 (56.40) | 1151 (35.7) | 2072 (64.3) | Ref | |||
> 2 | 2389 (41.81) | 773 (32.4) | 1616 (67.6) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.009b | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) | 0.04b |
Missing | 102 (1.79) | ||||||
HIV status | 5583 | 1941 (34.8) | 3642 (65.2) | ||||
Negative | 557 (9.74) | 134 (24.1) | 423 (75.9) | Ref | |||
Positive | 5026 (87.96) | 1807 (35.9) | 3219 (64.1) | 1.77 (1.45, 2.17) | < 0.001b | 1.85 (1.51, 2.28) | < 0.001b |
Missing | 131 (2.30) | ||||||
CD4 Count at HIV | 4475 | 1620 (36.2) | 2855 (63.8) | ||||
Diagnosisc | 2308 (45.9) | 809 (35.1) | 1499 (64.9) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.10 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.52 |
≤ 350 | 2167 (43.1) | 811 (37.4) | 1356 (62.6) | Ref | |||
> 350 | 551 (11.0) | ||||||
Missing | |||||||
ART at time of screening c | 4766 | 1710 (35.9) | 3056 (64.1) | ||||
No | 3138 (62.4) | 1096 (34.9) | 2047 (65.1) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.06 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.19 |
Yes | 1628 (32.4) | 614 (37.7) | 1014 (62.3) | Ref | |||
Missing | 260 (5.2) |